In August 2002, the Wall Street Journal wrote that while PBMs had "steered doctors to cheaper drugs, especially low-cost generic copies of branded drugs from big pharmaceutical companies" from 1992 through 2002, they had "quietly moved" into marketing expensive brand name drugs.[25]
In 2007, when CVS acquired Caremark,[1] the function of PBMs changed "from simply processing prescription transactions to managing the pharmacy benefit for health plans",[21]:34 negotiating "drug discounts with pharmaceutical manufacturers",[21]:34 and providing "drug utilization reviews and disease management".[21]:34 PBMs also created a formulary to encourage or even require "health plan participants to use preferred formulary products to treat their conditions".[21]:34 In 2012, Express Scripts and CVS Caremark transitioned from using tiered formularies, to those that excluded drugs from their formulary.[1][26]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_benefit_management
Big pharmacies are dismantling the industry that keeps US drug costs even sort-of under control
https://afterellen.com/tv/27541-2007-year-in-review-television
Although the number of regular lesbian characters on prime-time broadcast television fell from one to zero over the course of 2007, that bleak statistic does not reflect the generally positive and even groundbreaking ways that lesbian and bisexual women were represented on American television in the past year. From sex and dating to gender expression, lesbians and bi women came out of the closet this year as fully fledged individuals with romantic lives and political beliefs — whether you liked them or not.
https://qz.com/636823/big-pharmacies-are-dismantling-the-industry-that-keeps-us-drug-costs-even-sort-of-under-control/