I think you’re thinking of Peter Dale Scott, who might have been the first to use it in English. The term originated in regard to the hidden permanent power networks and alliances within the Turkish state.
Historical. Mid 20th century +/-.
Turkish term is derin devlet, which iirc means “state within a state”, or close enough. I think I learned of the Turkish origins of the term from PDS, but it might have been Lyndon LaRouche.