Climate deniers beware
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements
But others foresee the most meaningful climate action happening outside of the Paris Agreement. Some experts call for the creation of a climate club—an idea championed by Yale University economist William Nordhaus—that would penalize countries that do not meet their obligations or do not join.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-10/climate-club
The key agreements, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris climate accord, have relied on voluntary arrangements, which induce free-riding that undermines any agreement.
States need to reconceptualize climate agreements and replace the current flawed model with an alternative that has a different incentive structure—what I would call the “Climate Club.” Nations can overcome the syndrome of free-riding in international climate agreements if they adopt the club model and include penalties for nations that do not participate. Otherwise, the global effort to curb climate change is sure to fail.