Anonymous ID: 43401f Nov. 2, 2020, 11:58 p.m. No.11423585   ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ.is ๐Ÿ”—kun   >>3590 >>3630

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>>11423559

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois

 

Slavery

Haudenosaunee peoples participated in "mourning wars" to obtain captives. Leland Donald suggests in "Slavery in Indigenous North America" that captives and slaves were interchangeable roles.[225] There have been archaeological studies to support that Haudenosaunee peoples did in fact have a hierarchal system that included slaves.[226] Note that the term slave in Haudenosaunee culture is identified by spiritual and revengeful purposes, not to be mistaken for the term slave in the African Slave Trade.[227] However, once African slavery was introduced into North America by European settlers, some Iroquois, such as Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, did own African slaves.[228]

 

Capture

To obtain slaves, Haudenosaunee peoples battled in "mourning wars".[229][230][85] After the wars were over, Haudenosaunee warriors journeyed back to their villages with the new slaves they had captured. During these journeys, slaves were routinely tortured or even killed by their captors.[230][231] Leland Donald writes that captives "were killed if they could not keep up, tried to escape, or members of the attacking party could not restrain their emotions".[230] Daniel Richter suggests that keeping the pace may not have been an easy task, writing that "warriors might slowly lead prisoners by a rope between the lines of men, women and children [captives]".[232] If a prisoner survived all the obstacles on the march back to a Haudenosaunee village, the torture did not end. Slaves were mutilated and beaten for several days upon arrival by Haudenosaunee warriors.[233] After the initiation process, slaves were either killed, or welcomed into the nation where they would be replacing a deceased member of that community.[234]

Anonymous ID: 43401f Nov. 2, 2020, 11:59 p.m. No.11423590   ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ.is ๐Ÿ”—kun   >>3630

>>11423585

forgot

 

Cannibalism

Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced cannibalism, the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations, and to whether it was a notable cultural feature. Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual torture and cannibalism at Iroquois sites, for example, among the Onondaga in the sixteenth century.[219][220] However, other scholars, most notably anthropologist William Arens in his controversial book, The Man-Eating Myth, have challenged the evidence, suggesting the human bones found at sites point to funerary practices, asserting that if cannibalism was practiced among the Iroquois, it was not widespread.[221] Modern anthropologists seem to accept the probability that cannibalism did exist among the Iroquois,[222] with Thomas Abler describing the evidence from the Jesuit Relations and archaeology as making a "case for cannibalism in early historic times โ€ฆ so strong that it cannot be doubted."[222] Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society. Sanday reminds us that the ferocity of the Iroquois' rituals "cannot be separated from the severity of conditions โ€ฆ where death from hunger, disease, and warfare became a way of life".[223]

 

The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis, Franรงois-Joseph Bressani, and the fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson present first-hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk. A common theme is ritualistic roasting and eating the heart of a captive who has been tortured and killed.[185] "To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance."[22