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The denial triggered a public records lawsuit eventually joined by eight different media organizations.
Months later, Boyle issued one of the few public filings related to “the ongoing sealed matter” in the Eastern District of North Carolina. His December 2019 written order “temporarily” blocked state and county officials from releasing related public records to the media. Extended again in May, that prohibition remains in effect through the end of November.
But Boyle’s order did reveal some additional details. For the first time, it confirmed his January 2019 gag order blocking election officials “from publicly discussing or disclosing the matters at issue.” Boyle also linked his order to two separate cases now pending before his court, both of which are sealed so tight that not even the docket numbers have been published.
Efforts by the media coalition to push back against secrecy in the cases have so far been unsuccessful, and its legal challenge is now pending before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. The U.S. Attorney’s office is expected to file its response in the appeal just days after Tuesday’s election, although like most of the filings in the case, that response will be also sealed.
“There is a First Amendment right of access to the proceedings, especially if these are criminal, in our court,” Tadych said. “That’s a longstanding, recognized right, and I can’t find any lawyer to explain to me why we’re not being given that right.”
Attorneys for the media coalition said it’s been difficult to make the case for transparency given the lack of detail. It’s unclear, for example, whether the cases are sealed for national security reasons, trade secrets or some other justification entirely.
“This case is a total mystery,” said Hugh Stevens, also an attorney for the media coalition. “It’s so secret you can’t even determine what the nature of the cases is.”
TRANSPARENCY ADVOCATES ALARMED
The level of secrecy puts the government at a significant advantage, said Jennifer Nelson, a staff attorney with the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.
“It’s always alarming to see a situation where entire dockets, including all the documents on those dockets, are sealed for two years without a public explanation as to why that’s the case,” Nelson said.
In a phone interview, Nelson repeatedly called the situation “unusual” — even compared to proceedings involving threats to national security or the protection of whistleblowers.
Such cases often require the federal government to publicly articulate why seals or gag orders are necessary. That gives the press and others the opportunity to push back, leaving the court to weigh and rule on the competing arguments.
“There are instances where the government needs to be able to keep certain information secret,” said David Ardia, an associate professor at the UNC School of Law and a former attorney for The Washington Post. “But there’s a recognition that we need to keep that to the absolute minimum.”
One possible explanation for the veil of secrecy around the 2018 voter subpoenas could be that a federal grand jury investigation is still underway. Until such probes end in indictments, testimony, documents and other evidence are protected from release by strict rules. If there are no indictments, prosecutors won’t release the information at all.
“If it’s just strictly that it’s grand jury material and the government has gone to court and obtained a nondisclosure order extending grand jury secrecy to the recipient of the subpoena — that’s not unprecedented,” Zachary Bolitho, an associate professor at the Campbell University School of Law and a former federal prosecutor, said in an email. “But the government would have had to demonstrate a compelling need for the order.”
The U.S. Attorney’s office hasn’t made such a claim publicly, Tadych said, even though he’s had to address the possibility in the media coalition’s arguments to the court. Absent specific orders from a judge, those strict secrecy rules apply to members of the grand jury and prosecutors — not witnesses or public documents.
“The fact that a document was used in a grand jury proceeding doesn’t then make that document secret in all other instances,” Ardia said. “It’s not like a magic wand was waved over the document.”
There have been clear signals that the lack of disclosure has rankled more than just the media.
In September, the N.C. Division of Motor Vehicles and the State Board of Elections — both recipients of the original subpoenas for voter data — attempted to file a friend-of-the-court brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals on the media coalition’s behalf, arguing for the reversal of Boyle’s decision to keep the public in the dark.
Almost every line of their 20-page brief — including most of their argument and even their case citations — has been redacted.