The passing of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendment was unconstitutional. Vetoed by the 17th President "Grant appointed justices who unanimously ruled to uphold the unconstitutional Reconstruction Acts. " (packed the court)

I am not a lawfag but I am getting the feeling the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were all passed illegally by the Radical Republicans during the 17th Presidency of Andrew Johnson. The Reconstruction Acts were patently unconstitutional. They tried to impeach President Johnson but lost by 1 vote.

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The state of martial law under which these three amendments to the Constitution were ratified was authorized by the First Reconstruction Act, dated March 2, 1867: "Whereas no legal State governments or adequate protection of life or property now exists in the rebel states," the ten Southern states were thereby divided into five military districts. President Johnson vetoed the bill on the same day, noting that "The bill places the people of the ten States therein named under the absolute domination of military rule but each State does have an actual government." Johnson further noted that the commanding officer is "an absolute monarch," which was a clear violation of the provisions of the Constitution. He also

said, "This is a bill passed by Congress in time of peace [the war had been over for two years]." He further noted the absence of "either war or insurrection" and that laws were

already in harmonious operation in the Southern states. Johnson concluded his veto message as follows: "The Constitution forbids the exercise of judicial power in any way

but one—that is, by the ordained and Established courts." Thus Johnson excluded the exercise of military courts in the Southern states.

The Second Reconstruction Act, dated March 23, 1867, established military control over voting in the Southern states. Free elections, anyone? President Johnson again vetoed it the same day. "No consideration could induce me to give my approval to such an election law for any purpose, and especially for the great purpose of framing the Constitution of a State." The bill was passed over his veto. The Third Reconstruction Act, dated July 19, 1867, extended even greater powers to the military commanders of the Southern states. It provided that no military officer in any district shall be bound by any civil officer of the United States. By giving absolute power to the commanding officer, the Third Reconstruction Act confirmed that the Southern states were under absolute martial law, an important point to be brought up in a Constitutional challenge to the validity of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth,

and Fifteenth Amendments. There is also the legal point to be made that if these amendments were and are illegal, having been enacted under martial law, all of the subsequent amendments to the Constitution are also invalid, since they not only are not numbered correctly, but they also must be considered as having been enacted according to the provisions of these three amendments, which changed the requirements for citizenship and voting rights! The Fourth Reconstruction Act imposed even greater voting restrictions on the militarily occupied Southern states.

Court Packing…

Because he opposed the four Reconstruction Acts, which were patently unconstitutional, the Radical Republicans moved to impeach President Johnson and remove him from office. This has been a favorite tactic of those who have been defeated at the polls, as Presidents Nixon and Reagan were later to discover. The move to impeach Johnson lost by only one vote. The Radical Republicans had passed the four Reconstruction Acts only because they had previously taken the precaution in July of 1866 to reduce the number of justices on the Supreme Court from ten to seven, fearing that President Johnson might appoint justices who would uphold his opinion of the Reconstruction Acts. Such is the "law of the land."

In April, 1869, after Grant had been elected President, the Congress again increased the number of justices to nine, which remains the number today. Congress subsequently

denounced Presidents for their attempts to "pack" the Supreme Court, a privilege which seems to be reserved for themselves.