It is a fact of law that legislation enacted during periods of martial law is valid only during the
period for which martial law is declared and sustained. '''Amazingly enough, the Thirteenth,
Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments have never been challenged on this basic premise of law.'''
The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, even though President Johnson informed Congress
that they had no power to interfere with slavery; the '''Fourteenth Amendment changed the
requirements for citizenship, even though Congress had no power to act on this question.''' Johnson
urged the Southern states to reject the Fourteenth Amendment; he vetoed the four Reconstruction
Acts, showing that the executive branch of the government was unalterably opposed to the excesses
of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
There are two inescapable conclusions to be drawn from this record-first, that the Thirteenth,
Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, which '''drastically changed qualifications for citizenship in
the United States, voting rights, and other fundamental matters, were ratified while the ten Southern
states were under martial law, and their rightful governments had been superseded by military force;'''
and two, that '''legislation passed during periods of martial law effectively ends or is automatically
repealed when martial law ends and the troops are withdrawn. '''The Reconstruction governments,
which, as Collier's notes, could only be sustained by force, ended when that force was withdrawn.
Thus these amendments to the Constitution have had no legal status since 1877, when President
Hayes withdrew the federal troops from the Southern states. '''These amendments are and have been
invalid since 1877. '''
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