From what I understand from some limited research, OATHs were not taken, nor was the phrase 'sole help me God' spoken in relation to loyalty.
'Affirmations' were given presenting a man's WORD, as in 'my word is my bond'.
Citizens are property and are, legally, a fictional/dead entity bonding or contracting with THE UNITED STATES, INC. whereas a living man has ownership, agency and sovereignty.
The living Man, who is the true owner and possesses the true power in our Republic. He does not swear an oath to an entity that he owns and controls. Similar to an officer of higher rank not initiating a salute to a soldier of lower rank.