Watch the Water - Virtual Water Trade (Water Futures?)
Years ago, someone mentioned that water would become a commodity…..Looks like it has been for a while and more in the forefront now….
Evolution of China's water footprint and virtual water trade
WF flows for China is especially pertinent due to water and other resource shortages from its rapid economic development and growing population (Dong et al., 2014). China has been one of the top water consumption countries in the world for the past two decades (Chen and Chen, 2013). Limited water resources have severely restricted development of its national economy (Chen et al., 2017). China, as the ‘world's manufacturer’, supports its export production by consuming its natural resources and releasing vast amounts of pollutants
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018314582
Trade War, Water War: The Untold Truths of the Trump-Xi Tariffs
The US-China trade war is shifting the way water is spent between the two nations. In 2017, China was the United States’ largest trading partner. Before the imposition of tariffs, China exported many water-intensive products to the United States; China is the world’s largest exporter of hidden water, and the United States is the largest importer. As trade between the two nations stymied, the ‘water balance’ between both the United States and China has changed. For example, China imported zero soybeans from the United States in November 2018. Compared to the same month last year, the 4.7 million tons it imported from the United States not only represent $1.8 billion of lost value for US farmers, but also 5.08 billion m3 of virtual water received by China.
https://www.chinausfocus.com/energy-environment/trade-war-water-war-the-untold-truths-of-the-trump-xi-tariffs
Water Futures
https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/investing/water-futures-trading/index.html
Estimating Virtual Water Trade in Crops for Saudi Arabia
http://www.sciepub.com/reference/275078
Virtual Water Trade as an analytical instrument and a political strategy
https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/references/virtual-water-trade.-a-realistic-concept-for-resolving-the-water-crisisneuberts.-2007.pdf
Historical Trends in China's Virtual Water Trade
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508060708691966
Water-scarce countries like Israel discourage the export of oranges (relatively water intensive crops) precisely to prevent large quantities of water from being exported to different parts of the world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_water
Driving Factors of Agricultural Virtual Water Trade between China and the Belt and Road Countries
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b00093
https://www.forbes.com/2008/06/19/water-food-trade-tech-water08-cx_fp_0619virtual.html?sh=7b97d4382d99
2020-Water stress assessment integrated with virtual water trade and physical transfer water: A case study of Beijing, China
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31753497/
https://www.thestreet.com/how-to/invest-in-water-commodities-14812159 (Invesco, Guggenheim S&P, PowerShares)
https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/hidden-global-trade-water