Anonymous ID: b4f82c Feb. 14, 2021, 7:59 a.m. No.12923952   ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ.is ๐Ÿ”—kun   >>3974 >>4039 >>4155 >>4462 >>4519

Watch the last billion years of Earth's tectonic plate movement in just 40 seconds

 

The land mass that became Antarctica once sat along the Equator. Over Earth's history, several supercontinents have broken up and come back together like the Backstreet Boys.

 

Our current seven continents and five oceans are the result of more than 3 billion years of planetary evolution, the tectonic plates crisscrossing atop the semi-solid ooze of Earth's core.

 

But charting the precise movements of those plates over all that time is challenging; existing models are often piecemeal, span only a few million years, or focus on just continental or oceanic changes, not both.

 

Now, for the first time, a group of geologists have offered up an easily digestible peek at 1 billion years of plate tectonic motion.

 

The geoscientists, from the University of Sydney, spent four years reconstructing how landmasses and oceans changed over the last billion years. As part of a recent study, they animated those changes into the short video below.

 

The animation shows green continents lumbering across oceans, which are represented in white. The Ma at the top of the video is geologic speak for 1 million - so 1,000 Ma is 1 billion years ago. The various color lines represent different types of boundaries between tectonic plates: Blue-purple lines represent divergent boundaries, where plates split apart; red triangles indicate convergent boundaries, where plates move together; and grey-green curves show transform boundaries, where plates slide sideways past each other.

 

"These plates move at the speed fingernails grow, but when a billion years is condensed into 40 seconds, a mesmerizing dance is revealed," Sabin Zahirovic, a University of Sydney geologist who co-authored the new study, said in a press release.

 

The Earth formed 4.4 billion years ago, and then it cooled down enough to form a solid crust with individual plates roughly 1.2 billion years after that.

 

Today, one can imagine the planet as a chocolate truffle - a viscous center ensconced in a hardened shell. The center consists of a 1,800-mile-thick, semi-solid mantle that encircles a super-hot core. The top layer - only about 21 miles thick - is the crust, which is fragmented into tectonic plates that fit together.

 

These plates surf atop the mantle, moving around as hotter, less dense material from deep within the Earth rises toward to the crust, and colder, denser material sinks towards the core.

 

Geologists can piece together a picture of which plates were where hundreds of millions of years ago by analyzing what's known as paleomagnetic data. When lava at the junction of two tectonic plates cools, some of the resulting rock contains magnetic minerals that align with the directions of Earth's magnetic poles at the time the rock solidified. Even after the plates containing those rocks have moved, researchers can study that magnetic alignment to parse out where on the global map those natural magnets existed in the past.

 

Using both paleomagnetics and current tectonic plate data, the study authors were able to create the most thorough map of each plate's journey from 1 billion years ago until the present.

 

more

https://www.yahoo.com/news/watch-last-billion-years-earths-131800244.html

Anonymous ID: b4f82c Feb. 14, 2021, 8:46 a.m. No.12924232   ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ.is ๐Ÿ”—kun   >>4519

U.S. Space Force Dumps Northrop and Blue Origin in Favor of Boeing, Lockheed, and SpaceX

 

I know it's rude to say "I told you so" โ€“ but I kind of did.

 

Three years ago, when Northrop Grumman (NYSE:NOC) predecessor company Orbital ATK announced a program to build its very first heavy lift rocket the "OmegA" I predicted that the rocket "may not get built."

 

First Orbital's, and later Northrop's desire to grab a piece of the lucrative market for launching large satellites into orbit was certainly understandable especially with billions of dollars worth of new Pentagon launch contracts coming up. But the truth was that, between United Launch Alliance's Atlas V, Delta IV, and upcoming Vulcan Centaur rockets, SpaceX's Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and envisioned Starship, Blue Origin's planned New Glenn, and the multiple heavy lift rockets being operated abroad by Ariane, by Roscosmos, and by China the world was simply awash in big rockets.

 

There wasn't room for one more.

 

And now OmegA is once and for all dead.

 

History of a doomed rocket

This story began nearly three years ago, when the U.S. Air Force announced it would pay three rocket companies Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin, Boeing (NYSE:BA) and Lockheed Martin (NYSE:LMT) joint venture United Launch Alliance (ULA), and Northrop Grumman a combined $2.2 billion to develop new "Launch System Prototypes" for the Pentagon's "Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle" program.

 

Blue Origin would use the Pentagon funding to complete development of its planned "New Glenn" heavy lift rocket, ULA would invest its money in "Vulcan Centaur," while Northrop Grumman would try to break into the market with its very first heavy lift vehicle โ€“ "OmegA." Then all three would bid on a second set of "Launch Service Procurement" contracts to use these new rockets to launch U.S. government satellites into orbit.

 

Two years later, the other shoe dropped: Despite initially winning financial support from the Pentagon, neither Blue Origin nor Northrop Grumman would win any of this second batch of contracts. All $5.5 billion worth of launches over the next six years would go to ULA (which also received funds in the first round), and to SpaceX (which didn't).

 

Result: By the time 2028 rolls around, and it's time for the Pentagon to award another set of launch contracts, the only rockets that are still flying, and able to compete, may be ULA and SpaceX rockets. Northrop Grumman is out of the big rocket-building game, and despite plenty of positive press, even Blue Origin's success is not assured.

 

You don't need to tell us twice

Giving credit where credit is due, Northrop Grumman tried to prepare for this eventuality. Hoping to diversify its business to survive a possible Pentagon contract loss, in late 2019 Northrop signed a launch contract with Colorado-based Saturn Satellite Networks to launch a pair of commercial NationSat small GEO satellites into orbit on OmegA's inaugural launch.

 

Perhaps, if Northrop had succeeded in signing up additional commercial customers, it could have developed a big enough book of business to survive the loss of the Pentagon business. Commercial customers proved hard to come by, however, and so within weeks of learning it had lost the competition for Pentagon launch contracts, Northrop announced it would halt development of OmegA.

 

Last month, Space Force put the final nail in the coffin, confirming it has officially terminated funding through Northrop's (and Blue Origin's, too) development contract. Of the $792 million initially awarded to Northrop, the government says it had paid out only $532 million by the date of termination. Blue Origin received $256 million of its awarded $500 million, before it too was cut off.

 

What's next for Northrop Grumman and Blue Origin?

In the absence of both commercial contracts and federal funding, the OmegA program is now history. Going forward, Northrop's space business will comprise primarily (1) building solid rocket boosters for other companies' spaceships (ULA's Vulcan Centaur for example, and the NASA Space Launch System, for which Boeing is prime contractor); (2) launching smaller payloads aboard medium-lift Antares and small Minotaur rockets; and (3) building nukes for the military.

 

more

https://www.fool.com/investing/2021/02/14/us-space-force-dumps-northrop-and-blue-origin-in-f/

Anonymous ID: b4f82c Feb. 14, 2021, 9:01 a.m. No.12924322   ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ.is ๐Ÿ”—kun

>>12924302

EXPULSION

 

Article I, section 5 of the United States Constitution provides that "Each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member."

 

Since 1789 the Senate has expelled only 15 members. Of that number, 14 were expelled during the Civil War for supporting the Confederacy. In several other cases, the Senate considered expulsion but either dropped those proceedings or failed to act before the member left office. In those cases, corruption was the primary cause of complaint.

Anonymous ID: b4f82c Feb. 14, 2021, 9:20 a.m. No.12924463   ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ.is ๐Ÿ”—kun

>>12924439

Bet she didn't want to be put under oath. Bet that's the real reason they just used her BS statement, and let it all go.

She got caught lying, as did the D's, who claimed that it was "just released" info. Now her statement is on record.

She's f'd.