>>1355867
>US pays for most of the R&D, rather than split costs with countries we sell to.
Can confirm.
Another term you may have heard them talk about is "trashcan drugs."
Hundreds of millions of dollars to do initial R&D on a drug candidate to take to phase I clinical trials. Main thing is it can't kill mice, can't be too toxic to liver/kidneys that clear the chemical from the bloodstream. The rest can be negotiated. Most of the results in clinical trials with humans are placebo effect anyway. The main thing is that it doesn't kill you. That's how low the bar is these days.
If a drug does make it through initial Phase I/II trials but fails III due to not being "as effective" as another drug already on market, FDA will not grant the approval. (Some can be bribed but that's another issue).
But companies don't just sit on all that wasted research money that found them a decent drug candidate that didn't blow out human livers.
They "repurpose" it. Well, technically they can't, so they sell the IP to another company who rummages through the "trash" of other companies failed clinical trials and resubmits the drug for another application. If the first disease suggested that failed was depression, maybe the next one will be psychosis. Or hair loss. Or nausea. Or dryness of the eye. Or ….
And maybe more bribes will be applied to the FDA officials, to ensure success. Pharma has been on this model for twenty years. R&D expenditures went lower and lower, and legal fees went up and up. Shows right there where the real efforts were.