Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:24 p.m. No.13695522   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5554

'Josef Mengele, byname Todesengel (German: “Angel of Death”), (born March 16, 1911, Günzburg, Germany—died February 7, 1979, Enseada da Bertioga, near São Paulo, Brazil), Nazi doctor at Auschwitz extermination camp (1943–45) who selected prisoners for execution in the gas chambers and conducted medical experiments on inmates in pseudoscientific racial studies.

 

Mengele’s father was founder of a company that produced farm machinery, Firma Karl Mengele & Söhne, in the village of Günzburg in Bavaria. Mengele studied philosophy in Munich in the 1920s, coming under the influence of the racial ideology of Alfred Rosenberg, and then took a medical degree at the University of Frankfurt am Main. He enlisted in the Sturmabteilung (SA; “Assault Division”) in 1933. An ardent Nazi, he joined the research staff of a newly founded Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in 1934. During World War II he served as a medical officer with the Waffen-SS (the “armed” component of the Nazi paramilitary corps) in France and Russia. In 1943 he was appointed by Heinrich Himmler to be chief doctor at Birkenau, the supplementary extermination camp at Auschwitz, where he and his staff selected incoming Jews for labour or extermination and where he supervised medical experiments on inmates to discover means of increasing fertility (to increase the German “race”). His chief interest, however, was research on twins. Mengele’s experiments often resulted in the death of the subject.'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:25 p.m. No.13695530   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5540 >>5671 >>5716

'Even before the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, they had made no secret of their anti-Semitism. As early as 1919 Adolf Hitler had written, “Rational anti-Semitism, however, must lead to systematic legal opposition.…Its final objective must unswervingly be the removal of the Jews altogether.” In Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”; 1925–27), Hitler further developed the idea of the Jews as an evil race struggling for world domination. Nazi anti-Semitism was rooted in religious anti-Semitism and enhanced by political anti-Semitism. To this the Nazis added a further dimension: racial anti-Semitism. Nazi racial ideology characterized the Jews as Untermenschen (German: “subhumans”). The Nazis portrayed the Jews as a race and not as a religious group. Religious anti-Semitism could be resolved by conversion, political anti-Semitism by expulsion. Ultimately, the logic of Nazi racial anti-Semitism led to annihilation.'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:27 p.m. No.13695553   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5564 >>5580

'Once in power, Hitler established an absolute dictatorship. He secured the president’s assent for new elections. The Reichstag fire, on the night of February 27, 1933 (apparently the work of a Dutch Communist, Marinus van der Lubbe), provided an excuse for a decree overriding all guarantees of freedom and for an intensified campaign of violence. In these conditions, when the elections were held (March 5), the Nazis polled 43.9 percent of the votes. On March 21 the Reichstag assembled in the Potsdam Garrison Church to demonstrate the unity of National Socialism with the old conservative Germany, represented by Hindenburg. Two days later the Enabling Bill, giving full powers to Hitler, was passed in the Reichstag by the combined votes of Nazi, Nationalist, and Centre party deputies (March 23, 1933). Less than three months later all non-Nazi parties, organizations, and labor unions ceased to exist. The disappearance of the Catholic Centre Party was followed by a German Concordat with the Vatican in July. (See Adolf Hitler addressing the Reichstag.)'

 

shills whine

whine louder shill and b obvious; try harder

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:29 p.m. No.13695575   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5582 >>5587

'Between May 15 and July 9, 1944, some 438,000 Hungarian Jews were shipped on 147 trains to Birkenau, stretching the camp’s resources for killing beyond all limits. Because the crematoria were overcrowded, bodies were burned in pyres fueled partly by the victims’ own fat. Just prior to the deportation of Hungarian Jewry, two prisoners escaped with plans of the camp. They met with resistance leaders in Slovakia and compiled a detailed report including maps. As this report made its way to Western intelligence services in the summer of 1944, there were requests to bomb Auschwitz. Although the industrial complex adjacent to Auschwitz was bombed, the death camp and its crematoria were left untouched, a subject of controversy more than 50 years later.'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:34 p.m. No.13695608   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5611 >>5619

'As Soviet armies advanced in 1944 and early 1945, Auschwitz was gradually abandoned. On January 18, 1945, some 60,000 prisoners were marched to Wodzisław Śląski, where they were put on freight trains (many in open cars) and sent westward to concentration camps away from the front. One in four died en route from starvation, cold, exhaustion, and despair. Many were shot along the way in what became known as the “death marches.” The 7,650 sick or starving prisoners who remained were found by arriving Soviet troops on January 27, 1945.'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:35 p.m. No.13695620   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5628 >>5644

'In October 1941, work began on Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, located outside the nearby village of Brzezinka. There the SS later developed a huge concentration camp and extermination complex that included some 300 prison barracks; four large so-called Badeanstalten (German: “bathhouses”), in which prisoners were gassed to death; Leichenkeller (“corpse cellars”), in which their bodies were stored; and Einäscherungsöfen (“cremating ovens”). Another camp (Buna-Monowitz), near the village of Dwory, later called Auschwitz III, became in May 1942 a slave-labour camp supplying workers for the nearby chemical and synthetic-rubber works of IG Farben. In addition, Auschwitz became the nexus of a complex of 45 smaller subcamps in the region, most of which housed slave labourers. During most of the period from 1940 to 1945, the commandant of the central Auschwitz camps was SS-Hauptsturmführer (Capt.) and ultimately SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieut. Col.) Rudolf Franz Hoess (Höss).'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:37 p.m. No.13695635   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5647

'The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[b] was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.[3] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe,[a] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.[c] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[5] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:37 p.m. No.13695642   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5650

'Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933.[6] After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March,[7] which gave Hitler plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. On 9–10 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. Eventually thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe. '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:38 p.m. No.13695652   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5659 >>5665

'The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3 million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, medical experiments, or during death marches. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945.

 

The European Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event during the Holocaust era (1933–1945),[8] in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of others, including ethnic Poles, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, the Roma, the disabled, political and religious dissidents, and gay men.[9] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:40 p.m. No.13695672   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5679 >>5682

'At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result.[46] The experiments, which took place at Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen, involved the sterilization of men and women, treatment of war wounds, ways to counteract chemical weapons, research into new vaccines and drugs, and survival of harsh conditions.[46]

 

After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers.[47] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943.[48] Interested in genetics,[48] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" (twins step forward!).[49] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. One of Mengele's assistants said in 1946 that he was told to send organs of interest to the directors of the "Anthropological Institute in Berlin-Dahlem". This is thought to refer to Mengele's academic supervisor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, director from October 1942 of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin-Dahlem.[50][i] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:41 p.m. No.13695691   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5693

'After World War I (1914–1918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism.[56]

 

Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Völkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism.[57] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes.[58] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany.[59] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:41 p.m. No.13695694   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5697

'With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community").[61] Nazi policies divided the population into two groups: the Volksgenossen ("national comrades") who belonged to the Volksgemeinschaft, and the Gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") who did not. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society.[62]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:42 p.m. No.13695704   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5706

'Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[63] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment.[64] One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 22 March 1933.[65] Initially the camp contained mostly Communists and Social Democrats.[66] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS.[67] The camps served as a deterrent by terrorizing Germans who did not support the regime.[68]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:43 p.m. No.13695709   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5720

'Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted.[69]On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses.[70] On 7 April 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which excluded Jews and other "non-Aryans" from the civil service.[71] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms.[72] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedländer writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials.[73] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities.[71] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. Works by Jewish composers,[74] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions.[75] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign. The Deutsches Ärzteblatt (a medical journal) reported on 6 April 1933: "Germans are to be treated by Germans only."[76]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:44 p.m. No.13695721   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5726

'The economic strain of the Great Depression led Protestant charities and some members of the German medical establishment to advocate compulsory sterilization of the "incurable" mentally and physically disabled,[78] people the Nazis called Lebensunwertes Leben (life unworthy of life).[79] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed.[80][81] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized".[82] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. The courts reached a decision in 64,499 of those cases; 56,244 were in favor of sterilization.[83] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000.[84]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:46 p.m. No.13695743   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5746

'In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[85] named after Tiergartenstraße 4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered.[86] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out.[87] Between 1939 and 1941, 80,000 to 100,000 mentally ill adults in institutions were killed, as were 5,000 children and 1,000 Jews, also in institutions. There were also dedicated killing centers, where the deaths were estimated at 20,000, according to Georg Renno, deputy director of Schloss Hartheim, one of the euthanasia centers, or 400,000, according to Frank Zeireis, commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp.[88] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000.[89]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:48 p.m. No.13695765   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5774

'Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4.[90] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[91] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war.[89] The medical community regularly received bodies for research; for example, the University of Tübingen received 1,077 bodies from executions between 1933 and 1945. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. Where they came from and how they came to me was really none of my business."[92]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:49 p.m. No.13695768   🗄️.is 🔗kun

'On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. The former said that only those of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew.[94] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes.[95][94] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. Although other European countries—Bulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, and Vichy France—passed similar legislation,[94] Gerlach notes that "Nazi Germany adopted more nationwide anti-Jewish laws and regulations (about 1,500) than any other state."[96]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:50 p.m. No.13695777   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5896

'By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[97] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left,[98] among them the conductor Bruno Walter, who fled after being told that the hall of the Berlin Philharmonic would be burned down if he conducted a concert there.[99] Albert Einstein, who was in the United States when Hitler came to power, never returned to Germany; his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Prussian Academy of Sciences.[100] Other Jewish scientists, including Gustav Hertz, lost their teaching positions and left the country.[101]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:50 p.m. No.13695781   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5799

'On 12 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna.[102] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands.[103] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin.[104] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria.[105] The Évian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept.[106] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Wien).[107] Sigmund Freud and his family arrived in London from Vienna in June 1938, thanks to what David Cesarani called "Herculean efforts" to get them out.[108]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:51 p.m. No.13695792   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5802

'On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany.[109][j] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying.[111] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[112]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:52 p.m. No.13695800   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5802

'Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 9–10 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it.[113] At least 90 Jews died. The damage was estimated at 39 million Reichmarks.[114] Contrary to Goebbel's statements in his diary, the police were not withdrawn; the regular police, Gestapo, SS and SA all took part, although Heinrich Himmler was angry that the SS had joined in.[115] Attacks took place in Austria too.[116] The extent of the violence shocked the rest of the world. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938:

 

No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be.[117]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:53 p.m. No.13695803   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5807

'Between 9 and 16 November, 30,000 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps.[118] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps.[119] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichmarks. Insurance payments for damage to their property were confiscated by the government. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations.[120] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country.[121]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:54 p.m. No.13695812   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5821

'Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry.[122] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[123] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland.[124][k] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM 100 million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933.[126]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:55 p.m. No.13695822   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5827

'The Zionist Federation of Germany (German: Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland) also known as the Zionist Association for Germany was a Zionist organisation in Germany that was formed in 1897 in Cologne by Max Bodenheimer. It had attracted 10,000 members by 1914[1] and was by far the largest Zionist organisation in Germany.[2] The group supported the 1933 Haavara Agreement between Nazi Germany and German Zionist Jews which was designed to encourage German Jews to emigrate to Palestine.[3] They also opposed the Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 fearing that it could make the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses worse.[4]

Presidents

 

Max Bodenheimer (1894–1910)

Arthur Hantke (1910–1920)

Felix Rosenblüth (1920–1923)

Alfred Landsberg (1923–1924)

Kurt Blumenfeld (1924–1933)

Siegfried Moses [de] (1933–1937)

Hans Friedenthal [de], since 1936 per pro'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:56 p.m. No.13695833   🗄️.is 🔗kun

'Between 2.7 and 3 million Polish Jews died during the Holocaust out of a population of 3.3 – 3.5 million.[127] More Jews lived in Poland in 1939 than anywhere else in the world; another 3 million lived in the Soviet Union. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939.[128]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:57 p.m. No.13695841   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5847

'The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat".[129] German plans for Poland included expelling non-Jewish Poles from large areas, settling Germans on the emptied lands,[130] sending the Polish leadership to camps, denying the lower classes an education, and confining Jews.[131] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which they called the General Government.[132] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany, but in the meantime they would be concentrated in ghettos in major cities to achieve "a better possibility of control and later deportation", according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939.[133][l] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands.[132]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 2:59 p.m. No.13695858   🗄️.is 🔗kun

'The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders.[135] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps.[136] The Warsaw Ghetto was established in November 1940, and by early 1941 it contained 445,000 people;[137] the second largest, the Łódź Ghetto, held 160,000 as of May 1940.[138] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce.[137] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions.[139] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[140] averaging over nine people per room.[141] Over 43,000 residents died there in 1941.[142]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:02 p.m. No.13695889   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5894

'At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[159] Bełżec,[160] Chełmno,[161] Majdanek,[162] Sobibór,[163] and Treblinka.[164] Gas chambers had been installed by the spring or summer of 1942.[165] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 1942–1943 (the Łódź Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[166] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe.[167][n] The camps provided locals with employment and with black-market goods confiscated from Jewish families who, thinking they were being resettled, arrived with their belongings. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 1942–1943, as did prostitutes.[146] By the end of 1942, most of the Jews in the General Government area were dead.[169] The Jewish death toll in the extermination camps was over three million overall; most Jews were gassed on arrival.[citation needed]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:04 p.m. No.13695898   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5902

'Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940, during Operation Weserübung. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942.[170] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied.[171] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government.[172] On 26 November 1942, 532 Jews were taken by police officers, at four o'clock in the morning, to Oslo harbor, where they boarded a German ship. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. According to Dan Stone, only nine survived the war.[173]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:04 p.m. No.13695905   🗄️.is 🔗kun

'In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe.[174] In the Netherlands, the Germans installed Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar, who began to persecute the country's 140,000 Jews. Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed.[175] From July 1942, over 107,000 Dutch Jews were deported; only 5,000 survived the war. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibór extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival.[176]

 

France had approximately 300,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy). The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas.[177] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France.[178] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in French Algeria and the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco.[179] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor.[180] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:07 p.m. No.13695922   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5936

'The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths.[181] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938.[182] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940.[183] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[184] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942.[185]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:08 p.m. No.13695933   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5940

'Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. Germany and Italy divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000–77,000. By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans.[186] Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and regions along the coast made part of Italy. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia, nominally an ally of Germany, and Serbia, governed by military and police administrators.[187] According to Jeremy Black, Serbia was declared free of Jews in August 1942.[188] Croatia's ruling party, the Ustashe, killed the majority of the country's Jews and massacred, expelled or forcibly converted to Catholicism the area's local Orthodox Christian Serb population.[189] Jews and Serbs alike were "hacked to death and burned in barns", according to Black.[188] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 1939–1940.[190] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:10 p.m. No.13695950   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5971

'Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a day Timothy Snyder called "one of the most significant days in the history of Europe … the beginning of a calamity that defies description".[191] German propaganda portrayed the conflict as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and as a racial war between the Germans and the Jewish, Romani, and Slavic Untermenschen ("sub-humans").[192] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields.[193]

 

Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jürgen Matthäus writes, 2 million of the 3.5 million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20 million.[194] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:11 p.m. No.13695956   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5972

'As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich.[195] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements".[o] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities.[197]

 

Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed.[198] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln.[199] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:13 p.m. No.13695980   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6011

'According to Wolfram Wette, the Germany army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters.[200] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps.[201]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:21 p.m. No.13696045   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6053

'Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in the Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army.[202] Each Einsatzgruppe numbered around 600–1,000 men, with a few women in administrative roles.[203] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[204] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 1941–1942. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3 million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma.[205] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:22 p.m. No.13696050   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6063

'Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot 72,000 Jews and 8,000 non-Jewish Lithuanians and Poles.[206] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941.[194] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 29–30 September 1941.[207][208] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there.[209]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:28 p.m. No.13696102   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6121

'Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents.[219] Large numbers of Jews were not sent there until after Kristallnacht in November 1938.[220] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe.[221] Most wartime prisoners of the camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation.[222]

 

After 1942, the economic function of the camps, previously secondary to their penal and terror functions, came to the fore. Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace.[220] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners, but killed them more frequently.[222] Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor") was a policy; camp inmates would literally be worked to death, or to physical exhaustion, at which point they would be gassed or shot.[223] The Germans estimated the average prisoner's lifespan in a concentration camp at three months, as a result of lack of food and clothing, constant epidemics, and frequent punishments for the most minor transgressions.[224] The shifts were long and often involved exposure to dangerous materials.[225]

 

Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly.[226] In mid-1942 work camps began requiring newly arrived prisoners to be placed in quarantine for four weeks.[227] Prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting the reason for their incarceration. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink.[228] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed star.[229] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number.[230] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:29 p.m. No.13696117   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6126

'According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking".[231] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. By March 1941 all Jews had lost their jobs and had their property confiscated.[232] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union.[233]

 

Thousands of Jews were killed in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iași pogrom.[234] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews died during the Iași pogrom.[235] The Romanian military killed up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police.[236] In July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, Romania's deputy prime minister, said it was time for "total ethnic purification, for a revision of national life, and for purging our race of all those elements which are foreign to its soul, which have grown like mistletoes and darken our future."[237] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000–170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943.[238] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:35 p.m. No.13696144   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6172

'Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany.[247] Most Italian Jews, over 40,000, survived the Holocaust.[248] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Republica Sociale Italiana or Salò Republic.[249] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau.[250] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were gassed.[251] Around 8,500 Jews were deported in all.[248] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 died.[252]

 

In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150–200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war.[253] Japan had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews in most of the territories it controlled. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed.[254] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:37 p.m. No.13696167   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6188

'On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, and on 11 December, Germany declared war on the United States.[255] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[256]

 

Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"[257] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter.[258] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary:

 

Regarding the Jewish question, the Führer is determined to clear the table. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. Those were not empty words. Now the world war has come. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. We cannot be sentimental about it.[s]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:39 p.m. No.13696187   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6195

'Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others.[260] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Führer's order."[261]

 

Four days after Hitler's meeting with party leaders, Hans Frank, Governor-General of the General Government area of occupied Poland, who was at the meeting, spoke to district governors: "We must put an end to the Jews … I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. They must go."[262][t] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). Browning interprets this as a meeting to discuss how to justify and speak about the killing.[264] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:43 p.m. No.13696232   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6241

'SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), convened what became known as the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 at Am Großen Wannsee 56–58, a villa in Berlin's Wannsee suburb.[265] The meeting had been scheduled for 9 December 1941, and invitations had been sent between 29 November and 1 December,[266] but on 8 December it had been postponed indefinitely, probably because of Pearl Harbor.[267] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January.[268]

 

The 15 men present at Wannsee included Heydrich, SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann, head of Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4 ("Jewish affairs"); SS Major General Heinrich Müller, head of RSHA Department IV (the Gestapo); and other SS and party leaders.[u] According to Browning, eight of the 15 had doctorates: "Thus it was not a dimwitted crowd unable to grasp what was going to be said to them."[270] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. Copy no. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder.[271] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[272] '

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:43 p.m. No.13696236   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6251

'Discussing plans for a "final solution to the Jewish question" ("Endlösung der Judenfrage"), and a "final solution to the Jewish question in Europe" ("Endlösung der europäischen Judenfrage"),[273] the conference was held to coordinate efforts and policies ("Parallelisierung der Linienführung"), and to ensure that authority rested with Heydrich. There was discussion about whether to include the German Mischlinge (half-Jews).[274] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance."[273] He continued:

 

Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. Able-bodied Jews, separated according to sex, will be taken in large work columns to these areas for work on roads, in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes.

 

The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival. (See the experience of history.)

 

In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities.

 

The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East.[273]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:45 p.m. No.13696253   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>6271

'The evacuations were regarded as provisional ("Ausweichmöglichkeiten").[275][w] The final solution would encompass the 11 million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments".[275] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[277]'

Anonymous ID: 07e14c May 18, 2021, 3:46 p.m. No.13696260   🗄️.is 🔗kun

'At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away.[5] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chełmno, which used gas vans. '