>>14017922

>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Historians and scholars whose work has examined this history in the context of genocide have included historian Jeffrey Ostler,[22] historian David Stannard,[23] anthropological demographer Russell Thornton,[24] Indigenous Studies scholar Vine Deloria, Jr., as well as scholar-activists such as Russell Means and Ward Churchill. Stannard compares the events of colonization in the Americas with the definition of genocide in the 1948 UN convention, and writes that,

In light of the U.N. language—even putting aside some of its looser constructions—it is impossible to know what transpired in the Americas during the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries and not conclude that it was genocide.[25]

Thornton describes as genocide the direct impact of warfare, violence and massacres, many of which had the effect of wiping out entire ethnic groups.[26] Political scientist Guenter Lewy says that "even if up to 90 percent of the reduction in Indian population was the result of disease, that leaves a sizable death toll caused by mistreatment and violence."[27] Native American Studies professor Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz says,

Proponents of the default position emphasize attrition by disease despite other causes equally deadly, if not more so. In doing so they refuse to accept that the colonization of America was genocidal by plan, not simply the tragic fate of populations lacking immunity to disease.[28]

By 1900, the indigenous population in the Americas declined by more than 80%, and by as much as 98% in some areas. The effects of diseases such as smallpox, measles and cholera during the first century of colonialism contributed greatly to the death toll, while violence, displacement and warfare by colonizers against the Indians contributed to the death toll in subsequent centuries.[29] As detailed in American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present (2015),

It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape, and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent, or by around 130 million people.[30]

According to geographers from University College London, the colonization of the Americas by Europeans killed so many people it resulted in climate change and global cooling.[31] UCL Geography Professor Mark Maslin, one of the co-authors of the study, says the large death toll also boosted the economies of Europe: "the depopulation of the Americas may have inadvertently allowed the Europeans to dominate the world. It also allowed for the Industrial Revolution and for Europeans to continue that domination."[32]

Leif Eriksons brother is said to have had the first contact with the native population of North America which would come to be known as the skrælings. After capturing and killing eight of the natives, they were attacked at their beached ships, which they defended.[33]

>>14017942

>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

With the initial conquest of the Americas completed, the Spanish implemented the encomienda system in 1503. In theory, the encomienda placed groups of indigenous peoples under Spanish oversight to foster cultural assimilation and conversion to Catholicism, but in practice led to the legally sanctioned forced labor and resource extraction under brutal conditions with a high death rate.[44] Though the Spaniards did not set out to exterminate the indigenous peoples, believing their numbers to be inexhaustible, their actions led to the annihilation of entire tribes such as the Arawak.[45] Many Arawaks died from lethal forced labor in the mines, in which a third of workers died every six months.[46] According to historian David Stannard, the encomienda was a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths.".[47]

According to Doctor Clifford Trafzer, Professor at UC Riverside, in the 1760s, an expedition dispatched to fortify California, led by Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra, was marked by slavery, forced conversions, and genocide through the introduction of disease.[48]

>>14017968

>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

The Kalinago Genocide, 1626

Main article: Kalinago Genocide of 1626

The Kalinago genocide was the massacre of some 2,000 Island Caribs by English and French settlers in 1628 in St. Kitts.

The Carib Chief Tegremond became uneasy with the increasing number of English and French settlers occupying St. Kitts. This led to confrontations, which led him to plot the settlers' elimination with the aid of other Island Caribs. However, his scheme was betrayed by an Indian woman called Barbe, to Thomas Warner and Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc. Taking action, the English and French settlers invited the Caribs to a party where they became intoxicated. When the Caribs returned to their village, 120 were killed in their sleep, including Chief Tegremond. The following day, the remaining 2,000–4,000 Caribs were forced into the area of Bloody Point and Bloody River, where over 2,000 were massacred, though 100 settlers were also killed. One Frenchman went mad after being struck by a manchineel-poisoned arrow. The remaining Caribs fled, but by 1640, those not already enslaved, were removed to Dominica.[49][50]

Attempted Extermination of the Pequot, 1636–1638

Main article: Pequot War

The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. The war concluded with the decisive defeat of the Pequots. The Connecticut and Massachusetts colonies offered bounties for the heads of killed hostile Indians, and later for just their scalps, during the Pequot War in the 1630s;[51] Connecticut specifically reimbursed Mohegans for slaying the Pequot in 1637.[52] At the end, about 700 Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity.[53] Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies;[54] other survivors were dispersed as captives to the victorious tribes. The result was the elimination of the Pequot tribe as a viable polity in Southern New England, and the colonial authorities classified them as extinct. However, members of the Pequot tribe still live today as a federally recognized tribe, and they continue to contribute to their tribe's ongoing history.[55]

Massacre of the Narragansett people, 1675

Main article: Great Swamp Fight

The Great Swamp Massacre was committed during King Philip's War by colonial militia of New England on the Narragansett tribe in December 1675. On 15 December of that year, Narraganset warriors attacked the Jireh Bull Blockhouse and killed at least 15 people. Four days later, the colonial militia from Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, and Massachusetts Bay Colony were led to the main Narragansett town in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The settlement was burned, its inhabitants (including women and children) killed or evicted, and most of the tribe's winter stores destroyed. It is believed that at least 97 Narragansett warriors and 300 to 1,000 non-combatants were killed, though exact figures are unknown.[56] The massacre was a critical blow to the Narragansett tribe during the period directly following the massacre.[57] However, much like the Pequot, the Narragansett people continue to live today as a federally recognized tribe, contributing to their Nation's ongoing history.[58]

French and Indian Wars, 1754–1763

Main article: French and Indian Wars

During the French and Indian War, Lord Jeffrey Amherst, commanding officer of British forces in North America, authorized the use biological warfare to exterminate a local tribe of Ottawa Indians. As of 12 June 1755, Massachusetts governor William Shirley was offering a bounty of £40 for a male Indian scalp, and £20 for scalps of females or of children under 12 years old.[59][60] In 1756, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Robert Morris, in his Declaration of War against the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) people, offered "130 Pieces of Eight, for the Scalp of Every Male Indian Enemy, above the Age of Twelve Years," and "50 Pieces of Eight for the Scalp of Every Indian Woman, produced as evidence of their being killed."[59][61]

>>14017970

>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Canada

See also: Indigenous peoples in Canada, High Arctic relocation, and Canadian Indian residential school system

Officially, the last of the Beothuks, Shanawdithit (ca. 1801 – 6 June 1829)

Suzannah Anstey (née Manuel. 1832–1911), daughter of Beothuk woman called 'Elizabeth' & husband Samuel Anstey (1832–1923) in Twillingate

On 13 April 1709, New France intendant Jacques Raudot passed the Ordinance Rendered on the Subject of the Negroes and the Savages Called Panis, legalizing the purchase and possession of indigenous slaves in New France. When Raudot pronounced indigenous slavery to be legal in New France, the practice had already been well established in the Native and French alliances throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. After the 1709 Ordinance came into effect, slavery in the colony grew exponentially. Natives flooded the slave market in the course of intense diplomacy with the French to prevent colonial encroachment of Native land.[62] Therefore, the flood of Native slaves in the St. Lawrence largely came from their Western counterparts. According to Rushforth, "by narrowing the target to a specific set of victims known as the ‘Panis nation,’ Raudot and his successors created a North American counterpart to the African kingdom of Nigritie: a distant and populous nation at war with more proximate allies, poorly understood but clearly identified as legally and morally enslavable".[63] Effectively, this meant Western Natives were strengthening future adversaries in the east, with their own slaves, in a struggle to preserve their land.

Although not without conflict, French Canadians' early interactions with Canada's indigenous populations were relatively peaceful in comparison to the expansionist and aggressive policies of British North America.[64] First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of French colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting French coureur des bois and voyageurs in the exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade.[65] Nevertheless, by 1829, with the death of Shanawdithit, the Beothuk people, the indigenous people of Newfoundland were officially declared extinct after suffering epidemics, starvation, loss of access to food sources, and displacement by English and French fishermen and traders.[66] Scholars disagree in their definition of genocide in relation to the Beothuk, and the parties have differing political agendas.[67] While some scholars believe that the Beothuk died out due to the elements noted above, another theory is that Europeans conducted a sustained campaign of genocide against them.[68]

More recent understandings of the concept of "cultural genocide" and its relation to settler colonialism have led modern scholars to a renewed discussion of the genocidal aspects of the Canadian states' role in producing and legitimating the process of physical and cultural destruction of Indigenous people.[69] In the 1990s some scholars began pushing for Canada to recognize the Canadian Indian residential school system as a genocidal process rooted in colonialism.[70] This public debate led to the formation of the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was formed in 2008.[71][72]

>>14017975

>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

The Canadian Indian residential school system was established following the passage of the Indian Act in 1876. The system was designed to remove children from the influence of their families and culture with the aim of assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture.[73] The final school closed in 1996.[74] Over the course of the system's existence, about 30% of native children, or roughly 150,000, were placed in residential schools nationally; at least 6,000 of these students died while in attendance.[75][76] The system has been described as cultural genocide: "killing the Indian in the child."[77][78][79] Part of this process during the 1960s through the 1980s, dubbed the Sixties Scoop, was investigated and the child seizures deemed genocidal by Judge Edwin Kimelman, who wrote: "You took a child from his or her specific culture and you placed him into a foreign culture without any [counselling] assistance to the family which had the child. There is something dramatically and basically wrong with that."[80] another aspect of the residential school systems was its use of forced sterilization of Indigenous women who chose not to follow the schools advice of marrying non-Indigenous men. Indigenous women made up only 2.5% of the Canadian population, but 25% of those who were sterilized under the Canadian eugenics laws (such as the Sexual Sterilization Act of Alberta) – many without their knowledge or consent.[81]

Cover page of official TRC summary that affirms cultural genocide of Indigenous peoples within Canada. Entitled, "Honour the Truth, Reconciling for the Future."

The Executive Summary of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that the state pursued a policy of cultural genocide through forced assimilation.[82] The ambiguity of the phrasing allowed for the interpretation that physical and biological genocide also occurred. The Commission, however, was not authorized to conclude that physical and biological genocide occurred, as such a finding would imply a difficult to prove legal responsibility for the Canadian government. As a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open.[71][72]

The use of cultural genocide is used to differentiate from the Holocaust: a clearly accepted genocide in history. Some argue that this description negates the biological and physical acts of genocide that occurred in tandem with cultural destruction.[83] When engaged within the context of international law, colonialism in Canada has inflicted each criteria for the United Nations definition of the crime of genocide. However, all below examples of physical genocide are still highly debated as the requirement of intention and overall motivations behind the perpetrators actions is not widely agreed upon as of yet.[84]

Canada’s actions towards Indigenous peoples can be categorized under the first example of the UN definition of genocide, “killing members of the group,” through the spreading of deadly disease such as during the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic. Further examples from other parts of the country include the Saskatoon’s freezing deaths,[85] the epidemic of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls and Two-Spirited people,[86] and the scalping bounties offered by the governor of Nova Scotia, Edward Cornwallis.[87]

>>14018002

>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Secondly, as affirmed by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the residential school system was a clear example of (b) and (e) and similar acts continue to this day through the Millennium Scoop, as Indigenous children are disproportionately removed from their families and placed into the care of others who are often of different cultures through the Canadian child welfare system.[88] Once again this repeats the separation of Indigenous children from their traditional ways of life. Moreover, children living on-reserve are subject to inadequate funding for social services which has led to filing of a ninth non-compliance order in early 2021 the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal in attempts to hold the Canadian government accountable.[89]

Large crowd of protesters on the streets of Toronto. A red dress and Mohawk Warrior flag can be seen hoisted above the crowd.

In Toronto during a BLM protest, marchers carry a MMIW (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women) red dress and a Mohawk Warrior Flag.

Subsection (c) of the UN definition: "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part” is an act of genocide that has historic legacies, such as the near and full extrapolation of caribou and bison that contributed to mass famines in Indigenous communities,[90][91] how on reserve conditions infringe on the quality of life of Indigenous peoples as their social services are underfunded and inaccessible, and hold the bleakest water qualities in the first world country.[92] Canada also situates precarious and lethal ecological toxicities that pose threats to the land, water, air and peoples themselves near or on Indigenous territories.[93] Indigenous people continue to report (d), the "imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group,” within more recent years. Specifically through the avoidance of informed consent surrounding sterilization procedures with Indigenous people like the case of Alisa Lombard from 2018 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan.[94] Examples such as the ones listed above have led to widespread physical and virtual action across the country to protest the historical and current genocidal harms faced by Indigenous peoples. [95][96]

>>14018008

>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Apaches

In 1835, the government of the Mexican state of Sonora put a bounty on the Apache which,over time, evolved into a payment by the government of 100 pesos for each scalp of a male 14 or more years old.[97][98] In 1837, the Mexican state of Chihuahua also offered a bounty on Apache scalps, 100 pesos per warrior, 50 pesos per woman, and 25 pesos per child.[97]

Mayas

The Caste War of Yucatán was caused by encroachment of colonizers on communal land of Mayas in Southeast Mexico.[99] According to political scientist Adam Jones: "This ferocious race war featured genocidal atrocities on both sides, with up to 200,000 killed."[100]

Yaquis

Main articles: Yaqui Wars, Yaqui Uprising, and Battle of Mazocoba

The Mexican government's response to the various uprisings of the Yaqui tribe have been likened to genocide particularly under Porfirio Diaz.[101] Due to slavery and massacre, the population of the Yaqui tribe in Mexico was reduced from 30,000 to 7,000 under Diaz's rule. One source estimates at least 20,000 out of these Yaquis were victims of state murders in Sonora.[102][103] Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said he'd be willing to offer apologies for the abuses in 2019.[104]

The Southern Cone

See also: Southern Cone, Demographics of the Southern Cone, and Category:Indigenous topics of the Southern Cone

Both Argentina and Chile launched campaigns of territorial expansion in the second half of the 19th century, at the expenses of indigenous peoples and neighbor states. The so-called Pacification of the Araucania by the Chilean army dispossessed the up-to-then independent Mapuche people between the 1860s and the 1880s, as did Argentina with the Conquest of the Desert.[105] In southern Patagonia, both states occupied indigenous lands and waters, and facilitated the genocide implemented by sheep-farmers and the businessmen in Tierra del Fuego.[106] Argentina also expanded northward, dispossessing a number of Chaco peoples through a policy that may be considered as genocidal.[107]

>>14018014

>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Paraguay

The War of the Triple Alliance (1865-1870) was launched by the Empire of Brazil, in alliance with the Argentine government of Bartolomé Mitre and the Uruguayan government of Venancio Flores, against Paraguay. The governments of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay signed a secret treaty in which the "high contracting parties" solemnly bind themselves to overthrow the government of Paraguay. In the 5 years of war, the Paraguayan population was reduced, including, civilians, women, children, and the elderly. Julio José Chiavenato in his book American Genocide affirms that it was "a war of total extermination that only ended when there were no more Paraguayans to kill" and concludes that 99.5% of the adult male population of Paraguay died during the war. Of a population of approximately 420,000 before the war, only 14,000 men and 180,000 women remained.[108]

Author Steven Pinker wrote:[109]

Among its many wars (19th century) is the War of the Triple Alliance, which may have killed 400,000 people, including more than 60 percent of the population of Paraguay, making it proportionally the most destructive war in modern times.

Chile

First during the Arauco War and then during the Occupation of Araucanía there was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people, mostly fought in the Araucanía.

Argentina

The so-called Conquest of the Desert (Spanish: Conquista del desierto) was an Argentine military campaign with the intention of establishing dominance over the Patagonian Desert, inhabited primarily by indigenous peoples. Argentine troops killed and displaced Mapuche from their traditional lands.

>>14018020

>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

United States colonization of indigenous territories

Main articles: Manifest destiny and Territorial evolution of the United States

Stacie Martin states that the United States has not been legally admonished by the international community for genocidal acts against its indigenous population, but many historians and academics describe events such as the Mystic massacre, The Trail of Tears, the Sand Creek Massacre and the Mendocino War as genocidal in nature.[110] Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz states that US history, as well as inherited Indigenous trauma, cannot be understood without dealing with the genocide that the United States committed against Indigenous peoples. From the colonial period through the founding of the United States and continuing in the twentieth century, this has entailed torture, terror, sexual abuse, massacres, systematic military occupations, removals of Indigenous peoples from their ancestral territories, forced removal of Native American children to military-like boarding schools, allotment, and a policy of termination.[111] The letters of British commander Jeffery Amherst indicated genocidal intent when he authorized the deliberate use of disease-infected blankets as a biological weapon against indigenous populations during the 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion, saying, "You will Do well to try to Inoculate the Indians by means of Blanketts, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execreble Race", and instructing his subordinates, "I need only Add, I Wish to Hear of no prisoners should any of the villains be met with arms."[14][112][113] When smallpox swept the northern plains of the U.S. in 1837, the U.S. Secretary of War Lewis Cass ordered that no Mandan (along with the Arikara, the Cree, and the Blackfeet) be given smallpox vaccinations, which were provided to other tribes in other areas.[114][115][116]

>>14018024

>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears

Main articles: Indian Removal and Trail of Tears

Following the Indian Removal Act of 1830 the American government began forcibly relocating East Coast tribes across the Mississippi. The removal included many members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations, among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory in eastern sections of the present-day state of Oklahoma. About 2,500–6,000 died along the Trail of Tears.[117] Chalk and Jonassohn assert that the deportation of the Cherokee tribe along the Trail of Tears would almost certainly be considered an act of genocide today.[118] The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the exodus. About 17,000 Cherokees, along with approximately 2,000 Cherokee-owned black slaves, were removed from their homes.[119] The number of people who died as a result of the Trail of Tears has been variously estimated. American doctor and missionary Elizur Butler, who made the journey with one party, estimated 4,000 deaths.[120]

Historians such as David Stannard[121] and Barbara Mann[122] have noted that the army deliberately routed the march of the Cherokee to pass through areas of a known cholera epidemic, such as Vicksburg. Stannard estimates that during the forced removal from their homelands, following the Indian Removal Act signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, 8,000 Cherokee died, about half the total population.[121]

and then they domesticated a breed of peepee touchers to touch peepees in judas fhegel wonderland

>>14018029

>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

American Indian Wars

Main article: American Indian Wars

A mass grave being dug for frozen bodies from the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre, in which the U.S. Army killed 150 Lakota people, marking the end of the American Indian Wars

During the American Indian Wars, the American Army carried out a number of massacres and forced relocations of Indigenous peoples that are sometimes considered genocide.[citation needed] The 1864 Sand Creek Massacre, which caused outrage in its own time, has been called genocide. Colonel John Chivington led a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia in a massacre of 70–163 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho, about two-thirds of whom were women, children, and infants. Chivington and his men took scalps and other body parts as trophies, including human fetuses and male and female genitalia.[123] In defense of his actions Chivington stated,

Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians! … I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. … Kill and scalp all, big and little; nits make lice.

— - Col. John Milton Chivington, U.S. Army[124]

United States acquisition of California

Main article: California Genocide

See also: History of the west coast of North America, Indigenous peoples of California, and Unfree labour in California

The U.S. colonization of California started in earnest in 1845, with the Mexican–American War. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in 1848, giving the United States authority over 525,000 square miles of new territory. In addition to Gold Rush slaughter, there was also a large number of state-subsidized massacres by colonists against Native Americans in the territory, causing several entire ethnic groups to be wiped out. In one such series of conflicts, the so-called Mendocino War and the subsequent Round Valley War, the entirety of the Yuki people was brought to the brink of extinction, from a previous population of some 3,500 people to fewer than 100. According to Russell Thornton, estimates of the pre-Columbian population of California may have been as high as 300,000. By 1849, due to a number of epidemics, the number had decreased to 150,000. But from 1849 and up until 1890 the Indigenous population of California had fallen below 20,000, primarily because of the killings.[125] At least 4,500 California Indians were killed between 1849 and 1870, while many more perished due to disease and starvation.[126] 10,000 Indians were also kidnapped and sold as slaves.[127] In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in June 2019, California governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That’s what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that’s the way it needs to be described in the history books."[128]

One California law made it legal to declare any jobless Indian a vagrant, then auction his services off for up to four months. It also permitted whites to force Indian children to work for them until they were eighteen, provided that they obtained permission from what the law referred to as a 'friend' was obtained first. Whites hunted down adult Indians in the mountains, kidnapped their children, and sold them as apprentices for as little as $50. Indians could not complain in court because of another California statute that stated 'no Indian or Black or Mulatto person was permitted to give evidence in favor of or against a white person'. One contemporary wrote "The minor are sometimes guilty of the most brutal acts with the Indians… such incidents have fallen under my notice that would make humanity weep and men disown their race".[129] The towns of Marysville and Honey Lake paid bounties for Indian scalps. Shasta City offered $5 for every Indian head brought to City Hall; California's State Treasury reimbursed many of the local governments for their expenses.

>>14018056

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

East of the Mississippi (1775–1842)

Further information: Sixty Years' War, Origins of the War of 1812, and War of 1812

Indian Wars

East of the Mississippi (post-1775)

American Revolution (1775–1783)

Cherokee–American wars (1776–1794)

Northwest Indian War (1785–1795)

Nickajack Expedition (1794)

Sabine Expedition (1806)

War of 1812 (1811–1815)

Tecumseh's War (1811–1813)

Creek War (1813–1814)

Peoria War (1813)

First Seminole War (1817–1818)

Winnebago War (1827)

Black Hawk War (1832)

Creek War (1836)

Florida–Georgia Border War (1836)

Second Seminole War (1835–1842)

British merchants and government agents began supplying weapons to Indians living in the United States following the Revolution (1783–1812) in the hope that, if a war broke out, they would fight on the British side. The British further planned to set up an Indian nation in the Ohio-Wisconsin area to block further American expansion.[3] The US protested and declared war in 1812. Most Indian tribes supported the British, especially those allied with Tecumseh, but they were ultimately defeated by General William Henry Harrison. The War of 1812 spread to Indian rivalries, as well.

Many refugees from defeated tribes went over the border to Canada; those in the South went to Florida while it was under Spanish control. During the early 19th century, the federal government was under pressure by settlers in many regions to expel Indians from their areas. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 offered Indians the choices of assimilating and giving up tribal membership, relocation to an Indian reservation with an exchange or payment for lands, or moving west. Some resisted fiercely, most notably the Seminoles in a series of wars in Florida. They were never defeated, although some Seminoles did remove to Indian Territory. The United States gave up on the remainder, by then living defensively deep in the swamps and Everglades. Others were moved to reservations west of the Mississippi River, most famously the Cherokee whose relocation was called the "Trail of Tears."

>>14018080

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

American Revolutionary War 1775–1783

Main article: Western theater of the American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War was essentially two parallel wars for the American Patriots. The war in the east was a struggle against British rule, while the war in the west was an "Indian War". The newly proclaimed United States competed with the British for control of the territory east of the Mississippi River. Some Indians sided with the British, as they hoped to reduce American settlement and expansion. In one writer's opinion, the Revolutionary War was "the most extensive and destructive" Indian war in United States history.[4]

The abduction of Jemima Boone by Shawnee in 1776

Some Indian tribes were divided over which side to support in the war, such as the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York and Pennsylvania who split: the Oneida and Tuscarora sided with the American Patriots, and the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga sided with the British. The Iroquois tried to avoid fighting directly against one another, but the Revolution eventually forced intra-Iroquois combat, and both sides lost territory following the war. The Crown aided the landless Iroquois by rewarding them with a reservation at Grand River in Ontario and some other lands. In the Southeast, the Cherokee split into a pro-patriot faction versus a pro-British faction that the Americans referred to as the Chickamauga Cherokee; they were led by Dragging Canoe. Many other tribes were similarly divided.

When the British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris (1783), they ceded a vast amount of Indian territory to the United States. Indian tribes who had sided with the British and had fought against the Americans were enemy combatants, as far as the United States was concerned; they were a conquered people who had lost their land.

>>14018082

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Cherokee–American wars

Main article: Cherokee–American wars

The frontier conflicts were almost non-stop, beginning with Cherokee involvement in the American Revolutionary War and continuing through late 1794. The so-called "Chickamauga Cherokee", later called "Lower Cherokee," were from the Overhill Towns and later from the Lower Towns, Valley Towns, and Middle Towns. They followed war leader Dragging Canoe southwest, first to the Chickamauga Creek area near Chattanooga, Tennessee, then to the Five Lower Towns where they were joined by groups of Muskogee, white Tories, runaway slaves, and renegade Chickasaw, as well as by more than a hundred Shawnee. The primary targets of attack were the Washington District colonies along the Watauga, Holston, and Nolichucky Rivers, and in Carter's Valley in upper eastern Tennessee, as well as the settlements along the Cumberland River beginning with Fort Nashborough in 1780, even into Kentucky, plus against the Franklin settlements, and later states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The scope of attacks by the Chickamauga and their allies ranged from quick raids by small war parties to large campaigns by four or five hundred warriors, and once more than a thousand. The Upper Muskogee under Dragging Canoe's close ally Alexander McGillivray frequently joined their campaigns and also operated separately, and the settlements on the Cumberland came under attack from the Chickasaw, Shawnee from the north, and Delaware. Campaigns by Dragging Canoe and his successor John Watts were frequently conducted in conjunction with campaigns in the Northwest Territory. The colonists generally responded with attacks in which Cherokee settlements were completely destroyed, though usually without great loss of life on either side. The wars continued until the Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse in November 1794.[5]

>>14018088

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

16th century wars

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result

Battle of Mabila

(Oct 1540) Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto Mississippian culture Death of chief Tuskaloosa, over 2,500 Indians and 200 Spaniards

Tiguex War

(winter 1540–41) Spanish conquistador Puebloan

>>14018095

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

17th century wars

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result

Navajo Wars

(c. 1600–1866) Crown of Castile

(c. 1600–1716)

Spain

(1716–1821)

Mexico

(1821–48)

United States

(1849–66) Navajo

Long Walk of the Navajo (1863–68)

Navajos moved to reservations

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

(1610–46) English colonists Powhatan Confederacy

Treaty of Middle Plantation

Pequot War

(1636–38) Massachusetts Bay Colony

Plymouth Colony

Saybrook Colony

Connecticut Colony

Mohegan

Narragansett Pequot

Pequot defeated

Treaty of Hartford

Beaver Wars

(1642–98) Iroquois

England

Dutch Republic Huron

Erie

Neutral

Odawa

Ojibwe

Mississaugas

Potawatomi

Algonquin

Shawnee

Wenro

Mahican

Innu

Abenaki

Miami

Illinois Confederation

other nations allied with France

France

Kieft's War

(1643–45) New Netherland Lenape

Peach Tree War

(1655) New Netherland Susquehannock

allied tribes

Esopus Wars

(1659–63) Prinsenvlag.svg Dutch settlers

Iroquois Confederacy Esopus tribe of Lenape Indians

King Philip's War

(1675–78) New England Confederation

Mohegan

Pequot Wampanoag

Nipmuck

Podunk

Narragansett

Nashaway

Colonial victory in southern theatre

Native victory in northern theatre

King William's War

(1688–97) France

New France

Wabanaki Confederacy England

New England blank flag.svg Massachusetts Bay Colony

Kingdom of England English America

Iroquois Confederacy

>>14018099

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

18th century wars

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result

Queen Anne's War

(1702–13) France

New France

Spain Spain

Spain New Spain

Wabanaki Confederacy

Caughnawaga Mohawk

Choctaw

Timucua

Apalachee

Natchez

England (until 1707)[2]

Kingdom of England English America

Great Britain (from 1707)[2]

British America

Muscogee (Creek)

Chickasaw

Yamasee

Tuscarora War

(1711–15)

Power of Tuscaroras broken

Tuscaroras retreat from the coast

Southern Tuscaroras migrate to New York

Fox Wars

(1712–33) Kingdom of France France Fox

Meskwaki (Red Earth People)

Renards

Outagamis

Yamasee War

(1715–17) Colonial militia of:

South Carolina

North Carolina

Virginia

Catawba (from 1715)

Cherokee (from 1716)

Yamasee

Ochese Creeks

Catawba (until 1715)

Cherokee (until 1716)

Waxhaw

Santee

Power of the Yamasee was broken

South Carolina colonists establish uncontested control of the coast

The Catawba become the dominant tribe in the interior

Chickasaw Wars

(1721–63) Great Britain

Chickasaw France

Choctaw

Illini

Dummer's War

(1722–25) New England Colonies

Mohawk Wabanaki Confederacy

Abenaki

Pequawket

Mi'kmaq

Maliseet

Dummer's Treaty

King George's War

(1744–48) France

New France

Wabanaki Confederacy

Great Britain

British America

Iroquois Confederacy

Seven Years' War

(1754–63) Great Britain

British America

Prussia

Portugal Portugal (from 1762)

Province of Hanover Hanover

Coat of arms of the House of Welf-Brunswick (Braunschweig).svg Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Iroquois Confederacy

Hesse-Kassel Schaumburg-Lippe

France

French Canada

Habsburg Monarchy Holy Roman Empire

Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austria

Saxony

Bavaria Bavaria

Russia (until 1762)

Spain Spain (from 1762)

Sweden Sweden (1757–62)

Abenaki Confederacy

Mughal Empire (from 1757)

French and Indian War

(1754–63)

Part of the Seven Years' War Great Britain

British America

Iroquois Confederacy

Catawba

Cherokee (until 1758)

France

New France

Wabanaki Confederacy

Abenaki

Mi'kmaw militia

Algonquin

Lenape

Ojibwa

Ottawa

Shawnee

Wyandot

Anglo-Cherokee War

(1758–61)

Part of the Seven Years' War Great Britain Cherokee

Pontiac's War

(1763–66) Great Britain Ottawa

Ojibwe

Potawatomi

Huron

Miami

Wea

Kickapoo

Mascouten

Piankeshaw

Delaware

Shawnee

Wyandot

Mingo

Seneca

Native Americans concede British sovereignty, but compel British policy changes

Portage around Niagara Falls ceded by Senecas to the British

Lord Dunmore's War

(1774) Kingdom of Great Britain Colony of Virginia Shawnee

Mingo

American Revolutionary War

(1775–83) United States

Kingdom of France France

Spain Spain

Vermont

Netherlands

Oneida

Tuscarora

Watauga Association

Catawba

Lenape

Choctaw

Great Britain

Kingdom of Great Britain Loyalists

Holy Roman Empire German Auxiliaries

Iroquois

Onondaga

Mohawk

Cayuga

Seneca

Cherokee Nation Cherokee

Treaty of Paris

Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America

End of the First British Empire[3]

Cherokee–American wars

(1776–94)

Part of the American Revolutionary War United States Cherokee Nation Cherokee

Second Cherokee War

(1776)

Part of the Cherokee–American wars

Northwest Indian War

(1785–95) United States

Chickasaw

Choctaw Western Confederacy

Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain

Kingdom of Great Britain British North America

Treaty of Greenville

British withdrawal

American occupation of the Northwest Territory

Oconee War

(1785–)

>>14018110

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

19th century wars

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result

Tecumseh's War

(1811–13)

Part of the War of 1812 United States Tecumseh's Confederacy

Peace treaty

War of 1812

(1812–15) United States

Choctaw Nation

Cherokee

Creek Allies British Empire United Kingdom

British Empire British North America

Tecumseh's Confederacy

Spain Spain (1814)

Treaty of Ghent

Defeat of Tecumseh's Confederacy

U.S. nationalism strengthened[4]

Peoria War

(1813)

Part of the War of 1812

Creek War

(1813–14)

Part of the War of 1812 United States

Choctaw Nation

Lower Creeks

Cherokee Red Stick Creek

Treaty of Fort Jackson

First Seminole War

(1817–18) United States Seminole

Spain Spanish Florida

Texas–Indian wars

(1820–75)

Part of the Apache Wars Republic of Texas

United States Comanche

Arikara War

(1823) United States Arikara

The Arikara eventually settled with the Mandan and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota

Winnebago War

(1827) United States Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks

with a few allies

Ho-Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States

Black Hawk War

(1832) United States

Ho-Chunk

Menominee

Dakota

Potawatomi Black Hawks British Band

Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies

Second Seminole War

(1835–42) United States Seminole

3,800 Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory

300 remain in Everglades

Second Creek War

(1836)

Comanche Wars

(1836–75)

Part of the Texas–Indian wars Spain

Mexico

Republic of Texas

United States

Choctaw Nation Comanche

Osage Indian War

(1837) Osage Nation

Cayuse War

(1847–55) United States Cayuse

Ute Wars

(1849–1923) United States Ute

Paiute

Navajo

Apache

Utes moved to reservations

Apache Wars

(1849–1924)

Part of the Texas–Indian wars United States (1849–1924) Confederate States (1861–65) Apache

Ute

Yavapai

Comanche

Cheyenne

Kiowa

Havasupai

Hopi

Navajos

Papagos

Hualapai

Yuma

Mohave

Apaches moved to reservations

American Indian Wars conclude with Renegade period

Jicarilla War

(1849–55)

Part of the Apache, Ute and Texas-Indian Wars United States Apache

Ute

Yuma War

(1850–53) United StatesCupeno (1852–53)Cocopah (1853)

Paipai

Halyikwamai

Mountain Cahuilla (1851) Yuma

Mohave

Cocopah (1850–53)Cahuilla

Cupeno (1851)

Mariposa War

(1850–51)

Walker War

(1853)

Part of the Ute Wars

Sioux Wars

(1854–91) United States United States

Canada Canada

Crow

Pawnee

Eastern Shoshone Sioux

Lakota

Dakota

Cheyenne

Arapaho

Kiowa

Comanche

First Sioux War

(1854–56)

Part of the Sioux Wars

Klickitat War

(1855) United States Klickitat

Cascade

Rogue River Wars

(1855–56) United States Rogue River people

Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde, and Coast Reservations

Third Seminole War

(1855–58) United States Seminole

Yakima War

(1855–58) United States Yakama

Peace treaty

Puget Sound War

(1855–56)

Part of the Yakima War United States Nisqually

Muckleshoot

Puyallup

Klickitat

Haida

Tlingit

Indians relocated to:

Siletz Reservation

Grand Ronde Reservation

Coast Indian Reservation

Klamath and Salmon River War

(1855)

Tintic War

(1856)

Part of the Ute Wars

Tule River War

(1856) United States

California Yokut

Coeur d'Alene War

(1858)

Part of the Yakima War

Mendocino War

(1858)

Part of the Yakima War Yuki

Fraser Canyon War

>>14018126

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

(1858) British Empire United Kingdom

British Empire Colony of British Columbia

Nlaka'pamux

Bald Hills War

(1858–64) United States

California

"Wintoons"

Whilkut

"Redwoods"

Chilula

Hupa

"Mountain tribes"

Chimariko

Lassik

Mattole

Nongatl

Sinkyone

Tsnungwe

Wailaki

Mohave War

(1858–59) United StatesMaricopa Mohave

Hualapai

Paiute War

(1860) United States Paiute

Shoshone

Bannock

Yavapai Wars

(1861–75) United States Yavapai

Apache

Yuma

Mohave

Owens Valley Indian War

(1862–65) United States Owens Valley Paiute

Shoshone

Kawaiisu

Tübatulabal

Dakota War of 1862

(1862)

Part of the Sioux Wars United States Dakota Sioux

Goshute War

(1863)

Colorado War

(1864–65)

Part of the Sioux Wars United States Cheyenne

Arapaho

Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington

Snake War

(1864–68) United States Snake Indians

Hualapai War

(1865–70)

Part of the Yavapai Wars United States Hualapai

Yavapai

Havasupai

Black Hawk's War

(1865–72)

Part of the Ute, Apache and Navajo Wars United States Hualapai

Yavapai

Havasupai

Powder River War

(1865)

Part of the Sioux Wars United States Sioux

Cheyenne

Arapaho

Red Cloud's War

(1866–68)

Part of the Sioux Wars United States Lakota

Cheyenne

Arapaho

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to Native Americans

Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation (including the Black Hills)

Comanche campaign

(1867–75)

Part of the Texas–Indian Wars United States Cheyenne

Arapaho

Comanche

Kiowa

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Comanche surrender and relocation

Red River Rebellion

(1869–70) Canada

Canadian Party Métis

Provisional Government

Red River Colony enters Canadian Confederation as the Province of Manitoba

The Wolseley Expedition takes control of Fort Garry

Louis Riel flees to the United States

Modoc War

(1872–73) United States Modoc

Red River War

(1874–75) United States Cheyenne

Arapaho

Comanche

Kiowa

End of the Texas–Indian wars

Great Sioux War of 1876

(1876–77)

Part of the Sioux Wars United States

Canada Lakota

Northern Cheyenne

Arapaho

Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to the United States

Buffalo Hunters' War

(1876–77)

Part of the Apache and Texas–Indian Wars United States Comanche

Apache

Nez Perce War

(1877) United States Nez Perce

Bannock War

(1878) United States Bannock

Shoshone

Cheyenne War

(1878–79) United States Cheyenne

Northern Cheyenne Reservation created

Sheepeater Indian War

(1879) United States Shoshone

White River War

(1879)

Part of the Ute Wars United States Ute

Victorio's War

(1879–80)

Part of the Apache Wars during Renegade period United States

Mexico Apache

Geronimo's War

(1881–86)

Part of the Apache Wars United States Apache

North-West Rebellion

(1885) Canada Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (Métis)

Cree–Assiniboine

Collapse of the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan

Completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway

Trial and execution of Louis Riel

Crow War

(1887) United States Crow

Ghost Dance War

(1890–91)

Part of the Sioux Wars United States

Sioux

Miniconjou

Hunkpapa

>>14018130

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

20th century wars

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result

Crazy Snake Rebellion

(1909) United States Creek

New Mexico Navajo War

(1913)

Bluff War

(1914–15)

Part of the Navajo and Ute Wars United States Ute

Paiute

Colorado Paiute War

(1915)

Posey War

(1923)

Part of the Ute Wars United States Ute

Paiute

>>14018133

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

"Indian massacre" is a phrase whose use and definition has evolved and expanded over time. The phrase was initially used by European colonists to describe attacks by indigenous Americans which resulted in mass colonial casualties. While similar attacks by colonists on Indian villages were called "raids" or "battles", successful Indian attacks on white settlements or military posts were routinely termed "massacres". Knowing very little about the native inhabitants of the American frontier, the colonists were deeply fearful, and often, European Americans who had rarely – or never – seen a Native American read Indian atrocity stories in popular literature and newspapers. Emphasis was placed on the depredations of "murderous savages" in their information about Indians, and as the migrants headed further west, they frequently feared the Indians they would encounter.[1][2]

The phrase eventually became commonly used to also describe mass killings of American Indians. Killings described as "massacres" often had an element of indiscriminate targeting, barbarism, or genocidal intent.[3] According to one historian[who?], "Any discussion of genocide must, of course, eventually consider the so-called Indian Wars", the term commonly used for U.S. Army campaigns to subjugate Indian nations of the American West beginning in the 1860s. In an older historiography, key events in this history were narrated as battles.

Since the late 20th century, it has become more common for scholars to refer to certain of these events as massacres, especially if there were large numbers of women and children as victims. This includes the Colorado territorial militia's slaughter of Cheyenne at Sand Creek (1864), and the US army's slaughter of Shoshone at Bear River (1863), Blackfeet on the Marias River (1870), and Lakota at Wounded Knee (1890). Some scholars have begun referring to these events as "genocidal massacres," defined as the annihilation of a portion of a larger group, sometimes to provide a lesson to the larger group.[4]

It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of "Indian massacres". In The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, lawyer William M. Osborn compiled a list of alleged and actual atrocities in what would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact in 1511 until 1890. His parameters for inclusion included the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. His list included 7,193 people who died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people who died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.[5]

In An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873, historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873. He found evidence that during this period, at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians. Most of these killings occurred in what he said were more than 370 massacres (defined by him as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise").[6]

>>14018140

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

Pre-Columbian era

Year Date Name Current location Description Reported native casualties

1325 Crow Creek massacre South Dakota 486 known dead were discovered at an archaeological site near Chamberlain, South Dakota. The victims and perpetrators were both unknown groups of Native Americans. 486 [7]

1500–1830

Year Date Name Current location Description Reported casualties Claimants

1518–19? Annihilation of the Otomi of Tecoac Tecoac, modern day Mexico The entire Otomi population of Tecoac was reportedly killed during Hernán Cortés's first expedition into Mexico All Otomis in Tecoac allegedly [8][9][10][11]

1519 Cholula Massacre Cholula, modern day Mexico Cempoalans reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards Cortés ordered a pre-emptive strike, urged by the Tlaxcalans, the enemies of the Cholulans. Cortés confronted the city leaders in the main temple alleging that they were planning to attack his men. They admitted that they had been ordered to resist by Moctezuma, but they claimed they had not followed his orders. Regardless, on command, the Spaniards seized and killed many of the local nobles to serve as a lesson. 3,000 to over 30,000 [12][13]

1520 Alvarado Massacre Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico The Massacre in the Great Temple, also called the Alvarado Massacre, was an event on May 22, 1520, in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan during the Spanish conquest of Mexico, in which the celebration of the Feast of Toxcatl ended in a massacre of Aztec elites. [14][15]

1521 Massacre after the fall of Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico

>>14018147

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

After the Fall of Tenochtitlan the remaining Aztec warriors and civilians fled the city as the Spanish allies, primarily the Tlaxcalans, continued to attack even after the surrender, slaughtering thousands of the remaining civilians and looting the city. The Tlaxcalans did not spare women or children: they entered houses, stealing all precious things they found, raping and then killing women, stabbing children. The survivors marched out of the city for the next three days. One source claims 6,000 were massacred in the town of Ixtapalapa alone.

At least 40,000 killed or enslaved, 100,000 to 240,000 killed in the siege overall [16][17][18][19][9]

1539 Napituca Massacre Florida After defeating resisting Timucuan warriors, Hernando de Soto had 200 executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what later became U.S. soil. 200 [20]

1540 October 18 Mabila Massacre Alabama The Choctaw retaliated against Hernando de Soto's expedition,[21] killing 200 soldiers, as well as many of their horses and pigs, for their having burned down Mabila compound and killed c. 2,500 warriors who had hidden in houses of a fake village. 2,500 [20][22][23]

1541–42 Tiguex Massacres New Mexico After the invading Spaniards seized the houses, food and clothing of the Tiguex and raped their women, the Tiguex resisted. The Spanish attacked them, burning at the stake 50 people who had surrendered. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado's men laid siege to the Moho Pueblo, and after a months-long siege, they killed 200 fleeing warriors. 250 [24][25]

1599 January 22–24 Acoma Massacre New Mexico Juan de Oñate led a punitive expedition against the natives in a three-day battle at the Acoma Pueblo, killing approximately 500 warriors and 300 civilians. King Philip III later punished Oñate for his excesses. 300 [26][27]

1601 Sandia Mountains New Mexico Spanish troops destroyed 3 Indian villages in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico. According to Spanish sources, 900 Tompiro Indians were killed. 900 [28]

1610 August 9 Paspahegh Massacre Virginia Lord De la Warr sent 70 men to attack the Paspahegh Indians. They destroyed their main village near Jamestown, killing between 16 and 65 people. The wife and children of the village chief were captured and shortly afterwards put to death. 16–65 [29][30]

1622 March 22 Jamestown Massacre Virginia Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed 347 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the English population of the Jamestown colony, in an effort to push the English out of Virginia. They then destroyed crops and livestock causing 500 more people to die of starvation, reducing the settler population to 180. 847 (English) (500 died from starvation) [31][32]

1623 Wessagusset affair Massachusetts Several Massachusett chiefs were lured to Wessagusset under peaceful pretenses and put to death. Other Indians present in the village were also killed. 4 (Native leaders) + unknown number of other Native Americans [33][34]

1623 May 12 Pamunkey Peace Talks Virginia The English poisoned the wine at a "peace conference" with Powhatan leaders, killing about 200; they physically attacked and killed another 50. 250 [23]

1626 Kalinago Genocide of 1626 Bloody Point, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2000–4000 Caribs were forced into the area of Bloody Point and Bloody River, where over 2000 were massacred, though 100 settlers were also killed. One Frenchman went mad after being struck by a manchineel-poisoned arrow. The remaining Caribs fled, but by 1640, those not already enslaved, were removed to Dominica. 2,000 [35][36]

1637 April 23 Wethersfield Attack Connecticut During the Pequot War, Wongunk chief Sequin attacked the Puritan town Wethersfield, Connecticut with Pequot help. Six men and 3 women were killed and 2 girls kidnapped. 9 (settlers) [37][38]

1637 May 26 Mystic Massacre Connecticut In response to the Wethersfield attack, English colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700. 600–700 [39]

1640 July Staten Island New York 80 Dutch soldiers under Cornelis van Tienhoven attacked a village of Raritans on Staten Island over stolen pigs. Van Tienhoven intended only to demand payment, but his men wanted to massacre the Indians and he eventually consented. [40]

>>14018161

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

1643 February 25 Pavonia Massacre New York In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[41] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill. 129 [42][43][44]

1643 August Hutchinson Massacre New York As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, near the Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed settler Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years. 15 (settlers) [45]

1644 Massapequa Massacre New York John Underhill's men killed more than 100 Indians near present-day Massapequa. 100+ [46][47]

1644 April 18 Beginning of Third Anglo-Powhatan War Virginia Powhatan (Pamunkey) killed more than 400 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, about 4 percent of the English population of the Jamestown colony, in a second effort to push the English out of Virginia. 400+ (English) [32]

1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre New York As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians. 500 [23][48]

1655 September 11–15 Peach Tree War New York In retaliation for Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, Staten Island, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland. [49]

1675 July Susquehannock Massacre Virginia After a raid by Doeg Indians on a plantation in Virginia, a party of militiamen crossed the Potomac into Maryland and killed 14 Susquehannocks they found sleeping in their cabins. 14 [50]

>>14018167

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

1675 July Swansea Massacre Massachusetts Wampanoag warriors attack the town of Swansea, Massachusetts, killing 7 settlers. This attack marked the beginning of King Philip's War. 7 (settlers) [51]

1675 December 19 Great Swamp Massacre Rhode Island Colonial militia and Indian allies attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingstown, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 to 1,000 women, children and elder men burnt in the village. 300-1,000 [52][53]

1676 March 26 Nine Men's Misery Rhode Island During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers with ritual torture and death. 9 (settlers) [54][55]

1676 May Massacre at Occoneechee Island Virginia Nathaniel Bacon turned on his Occaneechi allies and his men destroyed three forts within their village on Occoneechee Island, on the Roanoke River near present-day Clarksville, Virginia. Bacon's troops killed one hundred men as well as many women and children. 100–400 [56]

1676 May 10 Turner Falls Massacre Massachusetts Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turners Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack. 100 [57]

1676 July 2 Rhode Island Rhode Island Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children. 126 [58]

1680 August 10 Pueblo Revolt New Mexico Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico. 380 (Spaniards) [59]

1689 August 5 Lachine massacre Quebec 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, in response to widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York. 90 (French) [60]

1689 Zia Pueblo New Mexico Governor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved. 600 [61]

1690 February 8 Schenectady Massacre New York As part of the Beaver Wars, French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children. 60 (Dutch and English) [62]

1692 January 24 Candlemas Massacre Maine During King William's War, 200–300 Abenaki and Canadiens killed 75, took 100 prisoner and burned the encroaching town of York, Maine district of the Province of Massachusetts Bay 75 (non-Indians) [63]

1695 June 9 La Matanza Sonora Spanish militia with Seri Indian auxiliaries killed 49 O'odham Indians (formerly known in the United States as Pima Indians) at peace conference at the El Tupo Cienega two months after the Tubutama Uprising. The meadow became known as La Matanza - Place of The Slaughter. 49 [64]

1704 Apalachee Massacre South Carolina English colonists and Creek allies under former Carolina Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1,000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors. 1,000 [65]

>>14018172

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"there was a holocaust?"

1704 February 29 Deerfield Massacre Massachusetts During Queen Anne's War, a force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, accompanied by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia and led by Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives. 56 (non-Indians) [66]

1711 September 22 Massacre at Bath North Carolina The Southern Tuscarora, Pamplico, Cothechneys, Cores, Mattamuskeets and Matchepungoes attacked settlers at several locations in and around the city of Bath, North Carolina. Hundreds of settlers were killed, and many more were driven off. Hundreds (settlers) [67]

1712 Massacre at Fort Narhantes North Carolina The North Carolina militia and their Indian allies attacked the Southern Tuscarora at Fort Narhantes on the banks of the Neuse River. More than 300 Tuscarora were killed, and one hundred were sold into slavery. 300 [67]

1712 May Fox Indian Massacre Michigan French troops with Indian allies killed around 1,000 Fox Indians men, women and children in a five-day massacre near the head of the Detroit River. 1,000 [68]

1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka South Carolina Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1,000 others were subsequently killed or captured. 200–1200 [69][70]

1715 April 15 Pocotaligo Massacre South Carolina Yamassee Indians killed 4 British traders and representatives of Carolina at Pocotaligo, near present-day Yemassee, South Carolina. 90 other traders were killed in the following weeks. 94 (traders) [71]

1715 April Massacre at St Bartholemew's Parish South Carolina At the onset of the Yamasee War, Yamasee Indians attacked St Bartolehew's Parish in South Carolina, killing over 100 settlers. Subsequent attacks around Charles Town killed many more, and in total, about 7% of the colony's white population perished in the conflict. 100+ (settlers) [72]

1715 May Schenkingh Plantation South Carolina A band of Catawba and Cherokee warriors attacked Benjamin Schenkingh's plantation where about 20 settlers had taken refuge. All were killed. 20 (settlers) [72]

1724 August 24 Norridgewock Massacre Maine Captains Jeremiah Moulton and Johnson Harmon led 200 rangers to the Abenaki village of Norridgewock, Maine to kill Father Sebastian Rale and destroy the Indian settlement. The rangers massacred 80 Abenakis including two dozen women and children and 26 warriors. The rangers suffered 3 dead. 80 (26 warriors) [73]

1729 November 29 Natchez Massacre Mississippi Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists. 200 (French) [74]

1730 Massacre of Chawasha village Louisiana Governor Perrier ordered 80 black slaves to attack the village of the Chawasha Indians. At least 7 Indians were killed. 7 [75]

1730 September 9 Massacre at Fox Fort Quebec A French army of 1,400 soldiers and their Indian allies massacred about 500 Fox Indians (including 300 women and children) as they tried to flee their besieged camp. 500 [76]

1745 Massacre at Walden New York Upon hearing of an impending French and Indian attack upon the Ulster county frontiers, British colonists massacred several peaceful Munsee families near Walden, New York. On March 2, 1756, white vigilantes murdered 9 friendly Munsee Indians at Walden. 9+ [77][78]

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>>14018177

ernesto poorass ghonosyphilherpegehyCOHIVS

shitler clinton makes stank face at rachel madcow

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>>14018199

tucker wants to suck a lot of things

****

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