>Graphene
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Buckeye
The STAG[E] IS SET…
at the end of the dei, it's dog comms.
"mesenchymal" (ground zero?)
Pulsed-Electromagnetic-Field-Assisted Reduced Graphene Oxide Substrates for Multidifferentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Ki-Taek Lim 1 , Hoon Seonwoo 2 , Kyung Soon Choi 3 , Hexiu Jin 4 , Kyung-Je Jang 2 , Jangho Kim 5 , Jin-Woo Kim 6 , Soo Young Kim 7 , Pill-Hoon Choung 8 , Jong Hoon Chung 2 9
Affiliations
PMID: 27332788 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600429
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can modulate cell proliferation, DNA replication, wound healing, cytokine expression, and the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Graphene, a 2D crystal of sp(2) -hybridized carbon atoms, has entered the spotlight in cell and tissue engineering research. However, a combination of graphene and EMFs has never been applied in tissue engineering. This study combines reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and pulsed EMFs (PEMFs) on the osteogenesis and neurogenesis of MSCs. First, the chemical properties of RGO are measured. After evaluation, the RGO is adsorbed onto glass, and its morphological and electrical properties are investigated. Next, an in vitro study is conducted using human alveolar bone marrow stem cells (hABMSCs). Their cell viability, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation are increased by RGO and PEMFs. The combination of RGO and PEMFs enhances osteogenic differentiation. Together, RGO and PEMFs enhance the neurogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hABMSCs. Moreover, in a DNA microarray analysis, the combination of RGO and PEMFs synergically increases ECM formation, membrane proteins, and metabolism. The combination of RGO and PEMFs is expected to be an efficient platform for stem cell and tissue engineering.
Keywords: DNA microarray; differentiation; human alveolar bone marrow stem cells; pulsed electromagnetic fields; reduced graphene oxide.
© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27332788/
anchora, una GaMBaH!
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John 10:27
King James Version
27 My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me:
Psalm 23
King James Version
23 The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.
3 He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
5 Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.
6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.
STAG(_) SET
ST. AG (_)
Ag
40
Au D(i) Ts
Appearance lustrous white metal
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Ag) 107.8682(2)[1]
Silver in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Cu
↑
Ag
↓
Au
palladium ← silver → cadmium
Atomic number (Z) 47
Group group 11
Period period 5
Block d-block
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP solid
Melting point 1234.93 K (961.78 °C, 1763.2 °F)
Boiling point 2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F)
Density (near r.t.) 10.49 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.) 9.320 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 11.28 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation 254 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 25.350 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1283 1413 1575 1782 2055 2433
Atomic properties
Oxidation states −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.93
Ionisation energies
1st: 731.0 kJ/mol
2nd: 2070 kJ/mol
3rd: 3361 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 144 pm
Covalent radius 145±5 pm
Van der Waals radius 172 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of silver
Other properties
Natural occurrence primordial
Crystal structure face-centred cubic (fcc)
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for silver
Speed of sound thin rod 2680 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion 18.9 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 429 W/(m⋅K)
Thermal diffusivity 174 mm2/s (at 300 K)
Electrical resistivity 15.87 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[2]
Molar magnetic susceptibility −19.5×10−6 cm3/mol (296 K)[3]
Young's modulus 83 GPa
Shear modulus 30 GPa
Bulk modulus 100 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.37
Mohs hardness 2.5
Vickers hardness 251 MPa
Brinell hardness 206–250 MPa
CAS Number 7440-22-4
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