>>15419775, >>15419854, >>15419926, >>15419928, >>15419932, >>15419944, >>15419949 Covid 19 Positive Patients' organs donation/bioweapon chosen for organ harvesting among other sinister agendas & profits?
Black markets, transplant kidneys and interpersonal coercion. Pro Argument for legally buyingkidneys==J S Taylor
One of the most common arguments against legalising markets in human kidneys is that this would result in the widespread misuse that is present in the black market becoming more prevalent. In particular, it is argued that if such markets were to be legalised, this would lead to an increase in the number of people being coerced into selling their kidneys. Moreover, such coercion would occur even if markets in kidneys were regulated, for those subject to such coercion would not be able to avail themselves of the legal protections that regulation would afford them. Despite the initial plausibility of this argument, there are three reasons to reject it. Firstly, the advantages of legalising markets in human kidneys would probably outweigh its possible disadvantages. Secondly, if it is believed that no such coercion can ever be tolerated, markets in only those human kidneys that fail to do away with coercion should be condemned. Finally, if coercion is genuinely opposed, then legalising kidney markets should be supported rather than opposed, for more people would be coerced (ie, into not selling) were such markets to be prohibited.
It is well known that a thriving international black market in human kidneys exists and also that the vendors in such a market suffer from a variety of abuses, ranging from fraud to outright coercion.1 Yet at the same time that the horrors of the black market in human kidneys are becoming widely recognised, there is growing support for markets in kidneys to be legalised.2,3,4,5,6 Believing that trade in human kidneys cannot be eliminated,some people support its legalisation on the grounds that if it is legalised the abuses that now occur in the black market can be mitigated through regulatory control.7 Others adopt a more principled approach, arguing that legalising markets in human kidneys is required to respect the moral values of personal autonomy and human well‐being.8 The proponents of legalisation hold that once such markets are legal, the ability of their participants to seek legal redress against fraud and coercion would suffice to protect them from abuse.
Yet, many who oppose such legalisation claim that it is naive to believe that regulated markets in human kidneys would mitigate the abuses of the black market. Rather than mitigating the abuses of the black market, such people claim, legalising markets in human kidneys will increase them. This is because the typical kidney vendor would lack adequate access to legal representation and so the protections that the proponents of kidney markets believe would be ensured by regulatory control would be illusory.
If it is true that legalising markets in human kidneys would in practice increase the number of people who suffer from the abuses inherent in the black market, then this would be a powerful objection to legalising them—even if in theory legalising this market is required owing to consideration for autonomy or concern for human well‐being.
Con: Responding to the pro‐market argument from regulatory control
Despite the elegance and simplicity of this pro‐market argument, many who oppose legalising a market in human kidneys find it unpersuasive, for they believe that it fails to represent how a kidney market would operate in practice. As Scheper‐Hughes12 writes
Armchair bioethicists can ignore the real world and its messy social, economic, cultural, and psychological realities. They only need conjure up a hypothetical world where conditions can be controlled or manipulated so as tofavour the logic of a market approach to increase the “supply” of human organs for transplantation. (Fauci’s wife is a bioethicist)
Such critics reason that the proponents of the pro‐market argument assume that those who participate in a legal kidney market would have access to legal recourse if they were defrauded or coerced into selling their kidneys. They claim, however, that in reality this will probably not happen. The people who sell their kidneys will typically be the desperate poor, “nobodies”,13 a “discredited collection of anonymous suppliers of spare parts”,14 who are “socially invisible”,15 and “naive”,16 and whose voices have been “silenced”.17 Although not every kidney vendor is disenfranchised in this way, there is a subset of vendors who clearly do suffer such a fate: those who are so under the control of their family members that they could be coerced by them into selling their kidney against their will.1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563357/