TYB
AMG M12S Warthog
Honda Ridgeline Baja Trophy Truck
Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life
Abstract
Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework unifies the macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe.
-
Introduction
How life abides by the second law of thermodynamics yet evolutionarily complexifies and maintains its intrinsic order is a fundamental mystery in physics, chemistry, and biology [1]. Solving this problem requires an interdisciplinary knowledge and an awareness of conventional theories, especially those related to the origin and evolution of life. Rather than give a comprehensive literature review, I introduce a handful of these ideas and point out their limitations.
The panspermia hypothesis has many forms, some of which suggest that life started elsewhere in the universe and arrived on Earth by cometary, meteoric, or planetary delivery [2,3]. The problem with this group of models is that it does not, in an empirically complete and consistent manner, explain the molecular origin of the first cell and hence avoids the issue in need of solution. The primordial soup hypothesis, also know as the Oparin-Haldane model, posits that during the early evolution of the Earth, a reducing atmosphere provided the correct environment for the formation of basic organic compounds [4,5]. Though the soup model has matured in recent decades, it has difficulty explaining the exact conditions of the early Earth atmosphere and the manner and order of emergence of polymeric systems. In the iron-sulfur world theory, primitive life is assumed to have started at deep-sea hydrothermal vents as a mineral base; redox reactions provided the chemical energy to drive the emergence of cellular life [6]. However, this model does not explain the origin of genetic information, membrane systems, or the complexification or diversity of cellular structure. Finally, the RNA (ribonucleic acid) world hypothesis posits that ribonucleotide-based genetic systems evolved prior to protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This hypothesis does not fit well with the central dogma and is unable to resolve precisely how the translation apparatus, genetic code, and biometabolic pathways evolved [7,8,9]. In short, no consensus model for life has emerged.
Now, therefore, to know what life is and how life works, scientists need a scientifically accurate theory. The aim of a scientific theory is to construct a formal structure—in which the natural world is being modeled—to explain, predict, and control systems, events, and objects. Insofar as the physical, chemical, and biological sciences are true, physical reality and life itself thus reflexively model such a scientific theory; tautologically, the natural world subsumes said theory. Several investigators have detailed what would be required of a unifying bioscientific theory [1,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The correct theory would be expected to not only explain how the living cell works now, but also to provide insight into the evolution of life on Earth.
In the theory proposed herein, I use the heterodox yet simple gyre—a spiral, vortex, whorl, or similar circular pattern—as a core model for understanding life. Because many elements of the gyre model (gyromodel) are alien, I introduce neologisms and important terms in bold italics to identify them; a theoretical lexicon is presented in Table 1. The central idea of this theory is that all physical reality, stretching from the so-called inanimate into the animate realm and from micro- to meso- to macrocosmic scales, can be interpreted and modeled as manifestations of a single geometric entity, the gyre. This entity is attractive because it has life-like characteristics, undergoes morphogenesis, and is responsive to environmental conditions. The gyromodel depicts the spatiotemporal behavior and properties of elementary particles, celestial bodies, atoms, chemicals, molecules, and systems as quantized packets of information, energy, and/or matter that oscillate between excited and ground states around a singularity. The singularity, in turn, modulates these states by alternating attractive and repulsive forces. The singularity itself is modeled as a gyre, thus evincing a thermodynamic, fractal, and nested organization of the gyromodel. In fitting the scientific evidence from quantum gravity to cell division, this theory arrives at an understanding of life that questions traditional beliefs and definitions.
Organic Matter
All life that has been identified by the scientific method is carbon-based. In the absence of a consensus explanation for the necessity of organic matter to life, other hypothetical types of biochemistry not reliant on carbon have been postulated (especially silicon, [219]); and yet, none have been identified. Any theory of life, to be considered meritorious, would be expected to provide an explanation for why life is carbon-based and shed light on whether or not alternative biochemistries are possible [220].
Here, I gyromodel evidence regarding carbon compounds on Earth and in the cosmos and regarding organic biochemical pathways in the extant cell. The carbogyre is the gyrosystem that emerges from within the electrogyre and through the oxygyre. In viewing the carbogyre (Figure 2c), the reader should be aware that only two IEM species are permitted in the symbolic architecture of a gyromodel. That is, the carbogyre displays carbon moieties (C), oxygen moieties (particle, O, and quantum, Ⓞ) but does not display electrons (e and ⓔ) or photons (An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is life-02-00001-i001.jpg)—even though they are present—for gyromodel consistency and clarity.
Emergence and Cycling of CO2. The origin of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth’s atmosphere is a matter of much speculation [221,222]. Understanding its origin is of great scientific import, as plants literally construct themselves from, and maintain themselves with, CO2 [223,224]. The primary carbogyre (Figure 2c (i)), written in the gyrequation
C3O ⇆ C2O + Ⓞ
exquisitely fits the chemical reaction
CH2O3 ⇆ CO2 + H2O
which is interconversion of carbonic acid with carbon dioxide and water vapor—relevant both astrophysically and terrestrially [225]. Here, C3O is the gyrapex for all majorgyre, C2O is the gyrobase, and Ⓞ is the gyradaptor. Modeling water as the singularity is presented four different ways in Figure 3c. Like the aforementioned gyrapices (triphoton, trielectron), the trioxygenated carbonic acid is an extremely high energy, thermodynamically unstable compound [226]. The cycling of carbon dioxide in the early and present day Earth atmosphere and biosphere is thus vectorially modeled as the attractive force of the oxyon singularity on the mIEM oxyon particle (dehydration reaction):
C3O → C2O + Ⓞ
formation of carbonic acid is due to the repulsive force of the oxyon (hydration reaction):
C2O + Ⓞ → C3O
This schema shows that, even though the electrogyre accounts for the interactions between and among the electrons in all elements, the primary carbogyre is a dedicated gyrosystem for modeling interactions between and among carbon and oxygen atoms/compounds. A clearer picture of how water is the singularity of the primary carbogyre can be found in Figure 3c. An explanation of the origin of CO2 requires the introduction of additional carbogyrosystems and is discussed below.
Atmospheric CO2 Levels. Keeling was the first to precisely measure monthly atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth from the middle of the 20th century onward, leading to production of his eponymous curve [227]. Two features of this curve are noteworthy: CO2 levels are both increasing and oscillating. While the increase in CO2 has been argued to be a hallmark of global climate change from burning fuel [228,229], the oscillating levels are thought to reflect the natural CO2 flux into and out of the oceans and biosphere. The carbogyre explains both phenomena simultaneously: macrocarbogyre expansocontraction driven by macroxyon expansocontraction and attractorepulsion models the increasing (expansion) and oscillating (spacetime carbogyration) levels of atmospheric CO2. Vital gas exchange in life can now be modeled by nesting the oxygyre and carbogyre in a gyrequation. Given GI,
Ⓞ = (O2e ⇆ [O] + 2ⓔ)
The oxyon can be nested in the primary carbogyre thusly:
C3O ⇆ C2O+ (O2e ⇆ [O] + 2ⓔ)
which models the attractorepulsive relationship between O2 and CO2 (both in bold) found in many living systems:
2H2CO3 ⇆ 2CO2 + (2H2O ⇆ O2 + 2H2)
This theoretical formula indicates an early evolutionary emergence for respiratory gas exchange that exists in humans, animals, and plants; this solution is well beyond other ideas [230,231]. A variation on this nested arrangement of these two gyrosystems is found in Figure 3e.
Acid-base homeostasis. The proper balance of acids and bases is necessary in cells, in blood [232], and in the Earth’s oceans [233]. Yet, there is no standard model for how acid-base homeostasis evolved. By adding H+, the hydron and HCO3−, bicarbonate, to the reaction above, I get:
H+ + HCO3− ⇆ H2CO3 ⇆ CO2 + H2O
From this known chemical reaction, I now model the thermodynamic relationships of the photon, electron, oxyon, and carbyon (quantized particle; Figure 2c (iv)), written out to accommodate all of gyrosystems in the fractalized gyrequation:
Jupiter's Trojans & Hildas
San Francisco Earthquake 1906 - Rare Verified Archival Footage!
All we got is buttered & plain popcorn SORRY!
URANUS MOONS DANCE :-)
I wouldn't worry about the CCP and those Coolies!
These Classic 50's and 60's TV Commercials Will Test Boomer Memories!
That would definitely hurt!
How to Say No: Moral Maturity
Teen-age behavior problems as smoking, drinking, and love-making are covered as well as discussing the ways of saying "no" in such situations. All while maintaining status and keeping friends.
CENTRAL PARK GOTTLIEB 1966
Gottlieb Big Shot 1974
Fireball Bally 1972
GOTTLIEB EL DORADO 1975
Bally Cactus Canyon 1998
Stern Pinball Frankenstein 1995