Do people really believe this?

muh climate change

It's way northern Russia near the arctic circle. If this is biolab related anthrax, how would it get all the way up there?

Proof of concept but far enough away to be able to deflect?

Anthrax Outbreak In Russia Thought To Be Result Of Thawing Permafrost

August 3, 20168:32 PM ET

Heard on Morning Edition

Russia is fighting a mysterious anthrax outbreak in a remote corner of Siberia. Dozens of people have been hospitalized; one child has died. The government airlifted some families out because more than 2,000 reindeer have been infected.

Officials don't know exactly how the outbreak started, but the current hypothesis is almost unbelievable: A heat wave has thawed the frozen soil there and with it, a reindeer carcass infected with anthrax decades ago.

Some scientists think this incident could be an example of what climate change may increasingly surface in the tundra.

The place where the outbreak is occurring is called the Yamal Peninsula. It lies high above the Arctic Circle at the top of the world.

It's so cold there, the soil — called permafrost — is frozen solid, more than 1,000 feet deep in some places, or about the height of the Empire State Building.

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"The soil in the Yamal Pennisula is like a giant freezer," says Jean-Michel Claverie at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. "Those are very, very good conditions for bacteria to remain alive for a very long time."

In this case, the bacteria were anthrax, and more than 75 years ago, they killed a reindeer. The carcass got covered in a thin layer of permafrost, Russian officials think. For decades, it lay there frozen.

Then this summer, a heat wave hit and a thicker layer of permafrost melted, and the reindeer's carcass rose to the surface, the theory goes. As it warmed up, so did the anthrax.

Infectious spores spread across the tundra. Reindeer grazing nearby picked up the disease.

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Russian officials say they're working hard to get the outbreak under control. They're vaccinating reindeer and burning the carcasses of dead animals.

There's likely to be more cases of anthrax resurfacing, says Birgitta Evengard, a microbiologist at Umea University in Sweden. That's because climate change is causing the temperature in the Arctic Circle to rise very quickly.

"It's rising about three times faster in the Arctic than in the rest of the world," she says. "And that means the ice is melting and the permafrost is thawing."

2016 anthrax outbreak July 2016 1 human death (~100 infected)

2,300 animal deaths

In July 2016, nearly 100 people have been hospitalized amid an anthrax outbreak from nomadic communities in northern Siberia, Russia and more than 2,300 reindeer died from anthrax infections in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. A 12-year-old child also died due to the outbreak.[11] Scientists believe the melting unearthed the frozen carcass of a reindeer that died in the previous anthrax outbreak in 1968.[12]

>>15863320

> August 3, 2016

>>15863331

>>15863320

>If this is biolab related anthrax, how would it get all the way up there?

>Proof of concept but far enough away to be able to deflect?

welp that didn't take long

Russian and U.S. Scientists Collaborate to Map Migration Paths of ArcticBreeding Birds

August 18, 2016

(Fairbanks, August 18, 2016) Conservation of intertidal habitat— 65 percent of which has been lost over the last 50 years— is critical to the survival of countless birds during migration on the East Asian Australasian Flyway. In an effort to understand the threats and inform conservation of these areas, scientists from The Institute of Biological Problems of the North (Russian Academy of Sciences) and WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) have collaborated to identify vital stopover areas for the dunlin, a shorebird known to migrate up to 7500 km (4700 miles) to reach its destination.

Arctic shorebirds breeding in Chukotka and Alaska depend upon key coastal intertidal sites along their migratory route to find food to supply energy on their flights. Such intertidal habitats are rapidly being lost to human development, resulting in marked declines of all species that have been studied on this flyway. Some, like the spoon-billed sandpiper, are now at critical risk of extinction, while 23 other species are now threatened, endangered, or vulnerable to extinction. Many others are in rapid decline, losing up to 10 percent of their numbers each year. A key driver of these losses is thought to be associated with development projects along the Yellow Sea coastline that convert intertidal mudflats to dry ground.

To better understand the nuanced threats to shorebird species that breed in Chukotka and nearby Alaska, Russian and American scientists have collaborated on a number of studies, including an assessment of nesting densities and factors influencing nest survival on breeding grounds in Russia. Most recently they have charted the migratory movements, timing, and wintering ground locations of a sub-species of dunlin, a relatively common shorebird that breeds in Chukotka.

“To prevent declines in populations of birds that breed in the Arctic, we must understand their needs after leaving the breeding grounds,” said Dr. Rebecca Bentzen, Avian Research Coordinator with WCS and lead author of the study.

In order to track dunlin migrations, Russian researchers attached small geolocators to the legs of the birds. These devices, which weigh less than a paper clip, register light levels in relation to an internal timer, which can be used to estimate latitude and longitude (and hence the flight pattern of the bird) when the bird is recaptured upon return to its breeding grounds.

The data collected over the four-year study showed that dunlin captured during the breeding season in Chukotka wintered in China, South Korea, and Vietnam, primarily between the south coast of Bohai Bay, the Yellow Sea, and Gulf of Tonkin in China. Important stopover areas (places birds rest and replenish energy during these epic journeys) included Sakhalin Island (Russia), and coastal areas around the Yellow Sea (Korea and China). In addition to documenting migration routes both to and from breeding habitats in Russia, the scientists were able to determine other vital information, such as the location and amount of time spent at stopover locations.

Unfortunately while this research provides greater understanding of the critical habitats that allows these birds to thrive, it also raises new conservation challenges.

“Stopover sites have largely been overlooked as conservation priorities,” said Bentzen. “By only focusing on certain stages of the life cycles of these birds—be it their time on the breeding grounds or where they winter—we have missed a key element of their annual cycles. It doesn’t matter how well we protect the breeding grounds – if these stopover sites are not adequately protected, dunlins and other species will never make it to the breeding grounds.”

>>15863331

>>15863320

>>15863360

Along with those scientists directly involved from Russia and the U.S., “citizen scientists” along the flyway got involved in the study, including a Korean birdwatcher who photographed one of the study birds and identified it by leg bands.

Dr. Martin Robards, Director of the WCS Arctic Beringia Program and a study co-author said, "This work is only possible through the dedication and leadership of our Russian partners Alexei Dondua and Dr. Diana Solovyeva. They have consistently overcome the challenges of working in such a remote area and taken the time to develop the necessary transboundary partnerships that have allowed such exciting research to emerge."

The information from this study helps justify the need for conservation action at key stopover points and wintering areas, and will be a key focus during upcoming conferences, including the IUCN World Conservation Congress in September and the East Asian Australian Fly Partnership meeting of the Parties in January.

Bentzen said, “We need to work collaboratively with our international colleagues to provide the best possible protection for the habitat of migrating shorebirds at each stage of their annual movements. This project is a perfect example of what we can learn when we work together to address common problems.”

“Large-scale movements of dunlin breeding in Chukotka, Russia during the non-breeding period,” appears in the journal Wader Studies. Authors include Rebecca Bentzen and Martin Robards of the WCS Arctic Beringia Program; independent researchers Alexei Dondua of St. Petersburg, Russia, and Ron Porter of Ambler, Pennsylvania; and Diana Solovyeva of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North (Russian Academy of Science). Find the abstract here. For a full copy of the study (DOI 10.18194/ws.00034), please contact Scott Smith at ssmith@wcs.org.

We appreciate the generous financial support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Trust for Mutual Understanding. We thank Claude Schimper at Kinross Gold Corporation’s Kupol Mine for generous help with our field logistics

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>>15863360

>>If this is biolab related anthrax, how would it get all the way up there?

>>15863368

>>If this is biolab related anthrax, how would it get all the way up there?

Pasteur (cited by Klemm & Klemm, 1959) attributed resistance to anthrax in birds to their body temperature being higher than that of a mammal,

3.4.6. Birds

Sterne (1959) referred to “epizootics amongst birds”, but without reference or details. References found to cases of anthrax in avian species are largely confined to birds in captivity or domesticated state. While there is some logic to reports of the disease in eagles in captivity following inadvertent feeding with an anthrax carcass (Keymer, 1972; Turnbull, 1990), more surprising are the citations found to the disease in not overtly carnivorous birds including ducks, a hen, geese,artificially-infected poultry and pigeons, and even a crested crane. Again without reference or detail, Sterne (1959) stated that domestic ostriches readily contract anthrax. A recent case (June 2005) in an ostrich in the Etosha National Park, Namibia (Lindeque, Versfeld & Turnbull, personal communication, 2005) reflects the report of cases in 5 wild ostriches in the 1970s in the Park by Ebedes (1976). Other early references exist of the disease in ostriches (Viljoen et al., 1928; Ebedes, 1976; Hugh-Jones & de Vos, 2002).Pasteur (cited by Klemm & Klemm, 1959) attributed resistance to anthrax in birds to their body temperature being higher than that of a mammal,and Higgins (1916) stated that anthrax may be contracted by birds “providing … their normal body temperature is lowered”. Pasteur’s experiments with hens, attributing resistance against anthrax in birds to their high body temperature, are described in detail by Vallery-Radot (1923).

According to Sterne (1959), the apoplectic type of death is usual, although less acute infection, with carbuncular lesions on the comb or extremities, also occurs. As reviewed by Snoeyenbos (1965), the lesions of anthrax in the ostrich, duck and eagle are similar, with haemorrhagic enteritis and oedematous swellings, particularly in the neck. Haemorrhages may be present on the surface of many organs, such as the heart. Excessive fluid is commonly present in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The spleen, liver and kidneys are swollen and congested.

Reference to a vulture belonging to a travelling menagerie that became very sick during an outbreak of anthrax affecting many of the animals is made in section 3.4.7. De Vos (personal communication, 2006) recalls confirming death from anthrax in one vulture by blood smear and subsequent culture from the blood. It was, however, the only bird found dead out of a very large number feeding on carcasses during a large outbreak of the disease in the Kruger Park, South Africa.

> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310481/

>>15863320 muh climate change. Anthrax Outbreak In Russia

>>15863360 Meanwhile back at the ranch. Russian and U.S. Scientists Collaborate to Map Migration Paths ofArctic Breeding Birds

>>15863368 Russia outs US / Ukraine Bird "research" in Biological "research" facilities

>>15863466 Pasteur attributedresistance to anthrax in birdsto their body temperature being higher than that of a mammal,

>>15863509

>>15863519

Plus Anthrax outbreak caused by "climate change". yeah right

I remember hearing that shit at the time and said no fucking way

>>15863489

these are good

>>15863462

top kek