https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2022.890574/full#h5

This study demonstrated that human primary urinary stem cells with positive TA act as a distinct subpopulation with potential regeneration capacity in both cell proliferation and multiple differentiation. USCsTA+ can more efficiently give rise to osteogenic, skeletal myogenic, smooth muscle, and urothelial cell lines than USCsTA−. Importantly, despite that USCs display TA, they do not form teratoma, which provides a safe cell source for clinical application. In addition, the number of USCsTA+ decline with increasing age. Future investigations should focus on understanding the role that physiological factors play in regulating both the temporal pattern of USCsTA+ and their influence on the ability of these cells to participate in better tissue repair. Determining the requirements for the effect of TA on the paracrine effect of USC has important implications for understanding the anti-inflammatory, fibrosis inhibition, and redox effect of USCsTA+. It will be beneficial to better understand alterations in this cell subpopulation throughout the human lifespan, and how they translate into, aging, renal dysfunction, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, or cancer, among others.