The Great Fire of Rome (Latin: incendium magnum Romae), was an urban fire that occurred in July AD 64. The fire began in the merchant shops around Rome's chariot stadium, Circus Maximus, on the night of19 JulyAfter six days, the fire was brought under control, but before the damage could be assessed, the fire reignited and burned for another three days. In the aftermath of the fire, two thirds of Rome had been destroyed.

Nero was proclaimed emperor in AD 54 at the age of 17. His rule has commonly been associated with impulsiveness and tyranny. Early in his reign he was heavily advised, but he slowly became more independent. In July 59 AD, encouraged by his mistressPoppaea,Nero murdered his mother. His leading adviser,Seneca, was discharged and forced to commit suicide.

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There are varying historical accounts of how the fire started. Among these, a popular account is that Nero was motivated to destroy the city so he would be able to bypass the senate and rebuild Rome in his image. Nero sent out men pretending to be drunk to set fire to the city. Then Nero watched from his palace on the Palatine Hill singing and playing the lyre.