Arguing about security implication of v 2 authenticator on a network that is in fact spyware, where not only the OSs but almost every application on every device exfiltrates user data suggests that parties to the argument lack necessary understanding which renders discussion futile.
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Study finds unexpected protective properties of pain
Whatif pain is more than just a mere alarm bell? What if pain is in itself a form of protection?
A new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School suggests that may well be the case in mice. The research, published Oct. 14 in Cell, shows that pain neurons in the mouse gut regulate the presence of protective mucus under normal conditions and stimulate intestinal cells to release more mucus during states of inflammation.
The work details the steps of a complex signaling cascade, showing that pain neurons engage in direct crosstalk with mucus-containing gut cells, known as goblet cells. "It turns out that pain may protect us in more direct ways than its classic job to detect potential harm and dispatch signals to the brain. Our work shows how pain-mediating nerves in the gut talk to nearby epithelial cells that line the intestines," said study senior investigator Isaac Chiu, associate professor of immunobiology in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS. "This means that the nervous system has a major role in the gut beyond just giving us an unpleasant sensation and that it's a key player in gut barrier maintenance and a protective mechanism during inflammation."
Harvard Medical School researchers have analyzed the molecular crosstalk between pain fibers in the gut and goblet cells that line the walls of the intestine. The work shows that chemical signals from pain neurons induce goblet cells to release protective mucus that coats the gut and shields it from damage. The findings show that intestinal pain is not a mere detection-and-signaling system, but plays a direct protective role in the gut.
Our intestines and airways are studded with goblet cells. Named for their cup-like appearance, goblet cells contain gel-like mucus made of proteins and sugars that acts as protective coating that shields the surface of organs from abrasion and damage. The new research found that intestinal goblet cells release protective mucus when triggered by direct interaction with pain-sensing neurons in the gut.
In a set of experiments, the researchers observed that mice lacking pain neurons produced less protective mucus and experienced changes in their intestinal microbial composition—an imbalance in beneficial and harmful microbes known as dysbiosis. To clarify just how this protective crosstalk occurs, the researchers analyzed the behavior of goblet cells in the presence and in the absence of pain neurons.
They found that the surfaces of goblet cells contain a type of receptor, called RAMP1, that ensures the cells can respond to adjacent pain neurons, which are activated by dietary and microbial signals, as well as mechanical pressure, chemical irritation or drastic changes in temperature. The experiments further showed that these receptors connect with a chemical called CGRP, released by nearby pain neurons, when the neurons are stimulated. These RAMP1 receptors, the researchers found, are also present in both human and mouse goblet cells, thus rendering them responsive to pain signals.
Experiments further showed that the presence of certain gut microbes activated the release of CGRP to maintain gut homeostasis.
"This finding tells us that these nerves are triggered not only by acute inflammation, but also at baseline," Chiu said. "Just having regular gut microbes around appears to tickle the nerves and causes the goblet cells to release mucus."
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-10-unexpected-properties-pain.html