Anonymous ID: 619eb0 Nov. 22, 2022, 4:08 p.m. No.17799564   🗄️.is đź”—kun   >>9565 >>9573 >>9580

>>17799413

Flag of Brazil

 

The national flag of Brazil (Portuguese: bandeira do Brasil), is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto "Ordem e Progresso" ("Order and Progress"), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889 — four days after the Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis and Décio Villares.

 

The green field and yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag were preserved (though slightly modified in hue and shape). In the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Empress Maria Leopoldina.[1] A blue circle with white five-pointed stars replaced the arms of the Empire of Brazil — its position in the flag reflects the sky over the city of Rio de Janeiro on 15 November 1889. The motto Ordem e Progresso is derived from Auguste Comte's motto of positivism: "L'amour pour principe et l'ordre pour base; le progrès pour but" ("Love as a principle and order as the basis; progress as the goal").[2]

 

Each star, corresponding to a Brazilian Federal Unit, is sized in proportion relative to its geographic size, and, according to Brazilian Law, the flag must be updated in case of creation or extinction of a state. At the time the flag was first adopted in 1889, it had 21 stars. It then received one more star in 1960 (representing the state of Guanabara), then another in 1968 (representing Acre), and finally four more stars in 1992 (representing Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), totalling 27 stars in its current version.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil

Anonymous ID: 619eb0 Nov. 22, 2022, 4:23 p.m. No.17799566   🗄️.is đź”—kun   >>9573

Space Force Moves Guardians to the Pacific Amid Rising Threats from China

 

The Space Force is placing Guardians in the Pacific to offer support in outer space for both allies and the other service branches as tensions between the U.S. and China grow.

 

On Tuesday, the service announced that 21 civilians and Guardians will be stationed in Hawaii with U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, or INDOPACOM. It's the first assignment outside of the continental U.S. for the newest service branch and the first time Guardians have been part of a regional combatant command. The move comes as Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin has repeatedly pointed to China being a notable threat, especially in outer space.

 

"Everyday, Secretary Austin reminds us of the pacing challenge, and that's China." Gen. David Thompson, vice chief of space operations, told reporters Tuesday. "We very deliberately chose INDOPACOM first because we want the nation, the Department of Defense, that combatant command, and anyone who might wish us harm in that region to understand that's what we pay attention to every single day."

 

As recently as last month, during an event at a Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies in Arlington, Virginia, Thompson said that China is developing and fielding a wide range of technology such as jammers and lasers that could harm America's satellites. While he didn't go into detail about all of the Space Force's capabilities, he said China's growing capabilities should be alarming.

 

"Are they better than us? Are they not as good as us? Will we win? Will they win? Are we at parity? I can't say that," Thompson said at the time. "All I can say is that they are a serious challenge. They are a serious threat. They are serious about what they need to do. Their capabilities are close to ours."

 

In the 2022 National Defense Strategy released last month, the Pentagon said China is "deploying counter space capabilities that can target our Global Positioning System and other space-based capabilities that support military power and daily civilian life."

 

But the strategy did not address how the military would respond to an attack on a commercial satellite.

 

Some policy experts in Washington believe the Space Force is unequipped to take on space threats from China and Russia.

 

The Heritage Foundation, a Washington-based think tank, said in its annual assessment of the military released Oct. 18 that the new service has not shown "that it is ready in any way to execute defensive and offensive counterspace operations to the degree envisioned by Congress when it authorized creation of the Space Force." The foundation classified the Space Force as "weak."

 

Thompson said the new U.S. Space Forces Indo-Pacific command will help service branches in the region such as U.S. Pacific Fleet, Pacific Air Forces, Army Pacific Command and Marine Corps Forces Pacific know what space capabilities are at their disposal, and will also help partner nations utilize outer space to defend against enemies.

 

Space Force officials hope to increase their budget to take on many of those looming threats. The service is asking for $24.5 billion in its 2023 budget request, a 40% increase from the previous year, a number which will likely only grow in subsequent years as the nascent branch expands.

 

Gen. Bradley Chance Saltzman, the new chief of space operations, said during the activation ceremony for Space Forces INDOPACOM on Tuesday that the creation of the new unit was a historic moment for the force, and a necessary one if conflict with China blossoms.

 

"I would be remiss if I didn't highlight the historic nature of today's ceremony. This is the first Space Force service component to stand up in a regional combatant command," Saltzman said during his speech. "The Space Force must be ready, not just supporting U.S. Space Command, but all combatant commands. Because a potential fight against the [People's Republic of China] isn't going to be a single combatant command show."

 

Thompson told reporters Tuesday that the Space Force will likely send Guardians to South Korea and U.S. Central Command "sooner rather than later," and the service also plans to stand up units in Europe at a later date.

 

Those expansions come in the wake of North Korea's reported intercontinental ballistic missile testing. Thompson said growth in both the Space Force's budget and its presence overseas is a good sign for the service.

 

"I think you've seen, year after year, increases in our budget, which I think reflects everybody's understanding of the need for more capability and [to] provide it," Thompson told reporters. "I think it's a reflection of an understanding, not just from INDOPACOM, but from the nation's leadership, that we need more capability in space that we can't operate effectively without it."

 

https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/11/22/space-force-moves-guardians-pacific-amid-rising-threats-china.html

Anonymous ID: 619eb0 Nov. 22, 2022, 4:46 p.m. No.17799572   🗄️.is đź”—kun   >>9573

DAF outlines space acquisition philosophy, priorities, tenets

 

WASHINGTON (AFNS) – Honorable Frank Calvelli, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space Acquisition and Integration, released a memorandum Oct. 31 that aims to cement the Department of the Air Force’s space acquisition top priorities, philosophy, and tenets.

 

The document highlights DAF’s need to prioritize driving speed into acquisitions, building resilient space architectures, and integrating the space architecture with other domains to give warfighters a strategic advantage against potential adversaries.

 

“The traditional ways of doing space acquisition must be reformed in order to add speed to our acquisitions to meet our priorities,” Calvelli said. “Former approaches of developing a small amount of large satellites, along with large monolithic ground systems taking many years to develop, can no longer be the norm.”

To enable this philosophy going forward, the following nine tenets will serve as guideposts for space acquisition:

 

Build Smaller Satellites, Smaller Ground Systems, and Minimize Non-Recurring Engineering:

Build smaller satellites and use existing technology to minimize non-recurring engineering in order to shorten development timelines. Acquire ground and software intensive systems in smaller more manageable pieces that can be delivered faster.

 

Get the Acquisition Strategy Correct:

Establish good acquisition strategies up front including contract type and contract incentives for both speed, and performance.

 

Enable Teamwork Between Contracting Officer and Program Manager:

The relationship between the Contracting Officer and the Program Manager are key to any successful acquisition. Contracting Officers should be collocated within and be part of the Program Executive Officer teams.

 

Award Executable Contracts:

Evaluate cost and schedule realism as part of the proposal evaluation to avoid low bids and buy ins. Ensure companies have the correct skills to successfully execute the contract on cost, schedule, and meeting performance.

 

Maintain Program Stability:

Establish the contract cost and schedule baseline and manage to it. Push back on year-to-year budget changes that drive rebaselining which diminish speed from acquisitions.

 

Avoid Special Access Program and Over Classifying:

Putting programs in a Special Access Program hinders our ability to integrate space capabilities across other domains.

 

Deliver Ground Before Launch:

Ensure ground systems and modifications are completed and ready for operations before launch of a new capability. This will allow operations/users to take advantage of new capabilities after launch.

 

Hold Industry Accountable for Results:

Hold industry accountable to execute on cost, schedule, and meeting performance commitments on the contract.

 

Execute: Deliver Capabilities that Work, and Deliver them on Schedule and on Cost:

Proactively manage the program by continuing to actively track schedule, cost, and technical progress. Identify issues early in order to quickly resolve them.

 

https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/3224589/daf-outlines-space-acquisition-philosophy-priorities-tenets/

https://www.spaceforce.mil/Portals/1/ASAF - Space Acquisition Tenets (31 Oct 22).pdf