Found biography of Herbert Hoover and accurate chapter
THE MEMOIRS OF
Herbert Hoover
Years of Adventure 1874-1920
Chapter 54
1 of 3
WHY AMERICA CANNOT MAKE PEACE IN EUROPE
I came out of all these experiences with one absolute conviction, which was: America, with its skill in organization and the valor of its sons, could win great wars. But it could not make lasting peace. I was convincedwe must keep out of Old World wars, lend ourselves to measures preventing war, maintaining peace and healing the wounds of war.
I came to this conclusion because of irreconcilable conflicts in concepts and historic experience between the New World and the Old World. They reached into depths of our international relations, government, social and economic life. They confronted me daily during the war, the Armistice, and in the confusion of making peace. The two worlds were indeed strangers to each other. We had drifted farther and farther apart over 300 years. Indeed, the departure was greater than this number of years, for our ancestors had fled from Europe because they already opposed its ideas on religion and freedom.
During the war and Armistice years I had made many notes on the fundamental separation and its consequences, with a multitude of examples. Again I may repeat, this statement as to events at Versailles and the discussion of our relations to Europe were written in 1922-26. They reflect somewhat the world setting and the climate of American international policies and actions in this period.
IMPERIALISM
Prior to the war, every one of the European states (except Sweden and Switzerland) was an Empire, holding colonies, or to some degree Years of Adventure dominating and exploiting other races and their resources. The standards of living of the people in the "Mother Country" in each Empire had been built up and their economies geared to returns from these possessions. This Imperial concept was also induced, in part, by the pressures on the home population.
European countries had been afflicted for hundreds of years by rivalries and conflicts over their holdings and their expansions. They had relied, and inevitably must continue to rely, upon military strength, military alliances, "balances of power," and power politics for the protection of their possessions.
The World War and the peace stripped the enemy nations—Germany, Austria, Turkey, and Bulgaria—of all their possessions and the victors either liberated or annexed these through "mandates" or otherwise.The peace partly stripped the Russian Empire,liberating some races, and the victors annexed others. The victor states all profited in Empire. Therefore, the theory and practice of Empire was by no means uprooted by the war. It was expanded by the peace.
The New World nations had no Empires or spirit of Empire. With abundant resources, a paucity of population, there was no population pressure or inspiration to Imperialism. Indeed, through the Monroe Doctrine, we had stopped the expansion of European Empires in the Western Hemisphere. By the Spanish- American War, we had freed Cuba and the Philippines from Spain. We had established the independence of Cuba and were in process of doing so for the Philippines. But the conflict of these concepts reached to the very base of our ideas of freedom.
RACIAL INDEPENDENCE
In 160 years of national life, we had learned the values of independence of nations. We were proud of the blessings of freedom which sprang from it. We naturally wished them for all other peoples. We instinctively sympathized with every race struggling for these ideals. Ours was a concept of the "self- determination" and freedom of states built on racial boundaries. All of which was a far departure from Old World ideas in this field and brought constant conflict in approach to its problems of peace.
The borders of mixed populations in Europe—the "irredentas"—have been the scene of constant agitation and conflict for centuries. In every one of them some nationals are separated from their fatherlands. The dominating government unceasingly sought to impose its national language and customs upon these minorities. Their cries to the sympathies of their racial brothers across the borders were an unceasing stimulant to friction. These boundaries shifted with every war and the conflicts flamed up in new areas. The "irredentas" were awarded from expediency or often upon favor to some ally. In many of these assignments our ideas of "self-determination" came into sharp conflict and the American people were constantly stirred by the appeals of these minorities…
https://hoover.archives.gov/sites/default/files/research/ebooks/b1v1_full.pdf