In the late 600's/700's it was a disparaing remark from Roman soldiers towards anyone from Judah, which the Romans had renamed Palestine.
Yeshua wasn't a "Jew" he was ethnically Hebrew and was raised in the Essene communities of his family, Mt Carmel where Judith taught Mary & Joseph, Mary was chosen at age 12 on the steps amongst the 12 other girls and the mostly male community of his cousin John the Baptist. He travelled the known world during his life, spending his earliest years in Egypt at the commune in Giza, then travelled to the far eastern communities in his teens and twenties.