Anonymous ID: 3f2341 Sept. 1, 2023, 7:08 a.m. No.19471936   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>1943 >>1959 >>1997 >>2163 >>2241 >>2404

NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day

Sep 1, 2023

 

The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules

 

In 1716, English astronomer Edmond Halley noted, "This is but a little Patch, but it shows itself to the naked Eye, when the Sky is serene and the Moon absent." Of course, M13 is now less modestly recognized as the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules, one of the brightest globular star clusters in the northern sky. Sharp telescopic views like this one reveal the spectacular cluster's hundreds of thousands of stars. At a distance of 25,000 light-years, the cluster stars crowd into a region 150 light-years in diameter. Approaching the cluster core, upwards of 100 stars could be contained in a cube just 3 light-years on a side. For comparison, the closest star to the Sun is over 4 light-years away. The remarkable range of brightness recorded in this image follows stars into the dense cluster core.

 

https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html?

Anonymous ID: 3f2341 Sept. 1, 2023, 7:12 a.m. No.19471949   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>1983 >>1994 >>1997 >>2027 >>2163 >>2241 >>2404

US opposes 2024 expedition to recover Titanic artifacts, says shipwreck is a grave site

August 29, 2023

 

The US wants to stop a planned expedition to recover artifacts from the Titanic wreckage next year, citing a federal law and international agreement that declares the shipwreck as a hallowed grave site.

 

RMS Titanic Inc., a Georgia-based firm that owns the salvage rights to the Titanic wreck, has organized the unmanned voyage and plans to take photos of the entire ship and enter its hull.

 

The government’s challenge to the expedition comes less than three months after five people were killed when a manned submersible from a different company imploded while descending to tour the wreckage.

 

The legal battle is playing out in the US District Court in Norfolk, Virginia, which oversees Titanic salvage matters.

 

The government has argued that entering the ship’s severed hull, as RMST intends to do, would breach a federal law and a pact with Great Britain to treat the sunken ship as a memorial to the more than 1,500 people who died after the ship crashed into an iceberg and sank while crossing the Atlantic in 1912.

 

The government’s chief concerns are the disturbance of artifacts and human remains that may still exist on the ship.

 

“RMST is not free to disregard this validly enacted federal law, yet that is its stated intent,” lawyers argued in court documents filed Friday. They added that the shipwreck “will be deprived of the protections Congress granted it.”

 

The expedition, tentatively scheduled for May 2024, includes taking photographs of the entire ship — including inside.

 

RMST said in a court filing the mission would recover artifacts from the debris field and “may recover free-standing objects inside the wreck.”

 

Those could include “objects from inside the Marconi room, but only if such objects are not affixed to the wreck itself.”

 

The Marconi room holds the ship’s radio — a Marconi wireless telegraph machine — which was the first to broadcast Morse code messages about the ship’s collision with the iceberg.

 

The message was picked up by nearby ships, who responded and helped save about 700 people who fled in lifeboats.

 

“At this time, the company does not intend to cut into the wreck or detach any part of the wreck,” RMST stated.

 

RMST has pledged to “work collaboratively” with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which represents public interest in the wreck. It will not pursue a permit, however.

 

US government lawyers said the firm can’t proceed without one, arguing that RMST needs approval from the secretary of commerce, who oversees NOAA.

 

RMST in the past has challenged the constitutionality of U.S. efforts to “infringe” on its salvage rights to a wreck that’s located in international waters.

 

The firm has argued that only the court in Norfolk has jurisdiction, citing centuries of precedent in maritime law.

 

The government and RMST were engaged in a similar legal fight in 2020 when the company planned a mission to retrieve a radio onboard.

 

The plan was for an uncrewed submersible to slip through a window or hold on the roof. A “suction dredge” would then remove loose silt, while manipulator arms could cut electrical cords.

 

The company said it would exhibit the radio along with stories of the men who tapped out distress calls “until seawater was literally lapping at their feet.”

 

District Judge granted RMST permission in May 2020, writing that the radio is historically and culturally important and could soon be lost forever due to decay.

 

Weeks later, the U.S. government filed an official legal challenge against the 2020 expedition, which never happened. The firm delayed its plans in early 2021 due to the pandemic.

 

https://nypost.com/2023/08/29/us-opposes-planned-expedition-to-titanic-says-wreck-is-a-grave-site/

Anonymous ID: 3f2341 Sept. 1, 2023, 7:17 a.m. No.19471963   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>1997 >>2163 >>2241 >>2404

Ghost in the machine: First neutrino observation at Large Hadron Collider

30 August 2023

 

Physicists at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have made the first ever direct observation of neutrinos in a particle accelerator.

 

Neutrinos are tiny, near massless and chargeless particles. They are among the elementary particles that make up the Standard Model of particle physics. Of all the particles in the Standard Model, neutrinos are among the least understood.

 

Even seeing a neutrino is extremely difficult, despite the fact they are among the most numerous particles in the universe. An estimated 100 trillion (100 million million) neutrinos pass through your body every second!

 

Detectors have picked up the traces of neutrinos from known sources such as the Sun, nuclear reactors, cosmic rays and supernovae since they were first observed in 1956.

 

But they should show up in particle accelerators too. Until now, physicists have been unable to confirm observations of neutrinos in their colliders.

 

Now, two large research collaborations namely FASER (Forward Search Experiment) and SND (Scattering and Neutrino Detector)@LHC, have observed collider neutrinos for the very first time. Their results are published in two papers published in Physical Review Letters.

 

The measurements were obtained from detectors at CERN’s LHC in Switzerland.

 

“Neutrinos are produced very abundantly in proton colliders such as the LHC,” Cristovao Vilela, part of the SND@LHC Collaboration, says in an article on Phys.org. “However, up to now, these neutrinos had never been directly observed. The very weak interaction of neutrinos with other particles makes their detection very challenging and because of this they are the least well studied particles in the Standard Model of particle physics.”

 

“Particle colliders have existed for over 50 years, and have detected every known particle except for neutrinos,” Jonathan Lee Feng of FASER tells Phys.org. “Every time neutrinos have been discovered from a new source, whether it is a nuclear reactor, the sun, the Earth, or supernovae, we have learned something extremely important about the universe.”

 

FASER researchers found neutrinos by placing a detector along the line of the particle beam, following the colliding particles’ trajectories.

 

They found 153 distinct neutrino signatures using their “very small, inexpensive” detector.

 

The FASER neutrinos have the highest energy recorded for the particles in a laboratory environment. They could prove useful in gaining insight into neutrino properties as well as the search for other elusive particles.

 

SND@LHC reported their findings shortly after showing a further 8 neutrino events. Their 2-metre-long detector was placed at a site expected to see high neutrino flux. It was shielded from other debris caused by proton collisions by about 100 metres of concrete and rock.

 

“The observation of collider neutrinos opens the door to novel measurements which will help us understand some of the more fundamental puzzles of the Standard Model of particle physics, such as why there are three generations of matter particles (fermions) that seem to be exact copies of each other in all aspects except for their mass,” notes Vilela.

 

Both experiments will continue collecting data and may lead to further developments including in the search for dark matter.

 

“We will be running the FASER detector for many more years, and expect to collect at least 10 times more data,” Feng comments. “A particularly exciting fact is that this initial discovery only used part of the detector. In the coming years, we will be able to use the full power of FASER to map out these high energy neutrino interactions in exquisite detail.”

 

https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/first-collider-neutrino/