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Roman writers such as Horace extolled virtues, and they listed and warned against vices. His first epistles say that "to flee vice is the beginning of virtue and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom."[3]

 

An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins, each represented by an animal (clockwise: toad = avarice; snake = envy; lion = wrath; snail = sloth; pig = gluttony; goat = lust; peacock = pride).

Origin of the currently recognized seven deadly sins

These "evil thoughts" can be categorized as follows:[4]

 

physical (thoughts produced by the nutritive, sexual, and acquisitive appetites)

emotional (thoughts produced by depressive, irascible, or dismissive moods)

mental (thoughts produced by jealous/envious, boastful, or hubristic states of mind)

The fourth-century monk Evagrius Ponticus reduced the nine logismoi to eight, as follows:[5][6]

 

Γαστριμαργία (gastrimargia) gluttony

Πορνεία (porneia) prostitution, fornication

Φιλαργυρία (philargyria) avarice (greed)

Λύπη (lypē) sadness, rendered in the Philokalia as envy, sadness at another's good fortune

Ὀργή (orgē) wrath

Ἀκηδία (akēdia) acedia, rendered in the Philokalia as dejection

Κενοδοξία (kenodoxia) boasting

Ὑπερηφανία (hyperēphania) pride, sometimes rendered as self-overestimation, arrogance, or grandiosity[7]

Evagrius's list was translated into the Latin of Western Christianity in many writings of John Cassian,[8][9] thus becoming part of the Western tradition's spiritual pietas or Catholic devotions as follows:[4]

 

Gula (gluttony)

Luxuria/Fornicatio (lust, fornication)

Avaritia (avarice/greed)

Tristitia (sorrow/despair/despondency)

Ira (wrath)

Acedia (sloth)

Vanagloria (vain, glory)

Superbia (pride, hubris)

In AD 590, Pope Gregory I revised the list to form a more common list.[10] Gregory combined tristitia with acedia and vanagloria with superbia, adding envy, which is invidia in Latin.[11][12] Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory's list in his Summa Theologica, although he calls them the "capital sins" because they are the head and form of all the other sins.[13] Christian denominations, such as the Anglican Communion,[14] Lutheran Church,[15] and Methodist Church,[16][17] still retain this list, and modern evangelists such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins.[18]