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The Significance of Deception in Contemporary Information Warfare
the major methods of deception are:
• Presenting data to the adversary that represents the truth as you would want them to perceive it. This is achieved by presenting a tailored subset of ‘real’ data, and/or manipulated data, and/or depriving the foe of any data, and/or disrupting the foe’s data collection, and/or • Setting the context in which the foe interprets that data, and/or
• Producing ‘noise’ in the communication channel so that the foe receives only the data allowed by the deceiver.
Information Warfare and Deception, Informing Science, Volume 9, 2006
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49277989_Information_Warfare_and_Deception