Anonymous ID: b9b8bf Feb. 23, 2024, 8:27 p.m. No.20466541   🗄️.is đź”—kun

In ancient Hebrew, the word “satan” is derived from the verb meaning “to obstruct” or “to oppose.” When used as a noun, it means “adversary” or “accuser.” The first definition is certainly one that would fit well with the image most people have of Satan today. He is the adversary of God and all that is good. He challenges Christ and tempts righteous people into sin. “Accuser” does not fit the vision of evil incarnate quite as well, but the combination of the two translations does a better job of defining who or what ha-satan was to the authors of the Old Testament.

In the Old Testament being “the accuser” is, essentially, a job. The phrase is only used nine times, and in five of those uses, ha-satan is used to describe not an immortal demon but a human being who happens to be a military, political or legal enemy of Israel. The only time that satan appears without ha in front of it is in 1 Chronicles 21. In this instance, however, there is no real sign that the Christian Satan is the one being described. This satan “rose up against Israel and incited David to take a census of Israel” despite the fact that David’s command was “evil in the sight of God.”

The closest the Old Testament comes to having ha-satan act as the Christian Devil is in the Book of Job. In this story, Job is a righteous and successful man. God is proud of his faith, but one of the heavenly beings in God’s court claims that Job would not be nearly as faithful if he were not successful and happy. God calls the being’s bluff and allows the being to test and torment Job to see if he will give up his faith. Job passes the tests.

The being that questions God in Job is identified as ha-satan. Most Christians read this as the Devil directly challenging God and torturing the righteous for his own twisted pleasure. In Job, however, ha-satan never acts without God’s permission. After every torment, he reports back to God with news of Job’s stubborn faith and asks God to let him escalate Job’s troubles further.

Ha-satan appears again as a divine being in Zechariah 3. During the prophet’s vision, Joshua the high priest is seen standing in a heavenly council or court similar to the one found in Job. Standing within the council is, once again, ha-satan whose job appears to be rather like that of a prosecutor or devil’s advocate. His job is to accuse the high priest and challenge him to see if he is worthy.

One of the only other times that ha-satan is used to refer to a divine enemy is in the Book of Numbers. When Balaam goes to curse the Israelites, he is stopped by ha-satan. This adversary keeps him from reaching his goal and, in reality, saves the Israelites. This is a far cry from what the Devil as Christians conceive of him would do. Interestingly enough, in Numbers 22 ha-satan is not usually translated as Satan but as “an angel of the Lord.”