In the late 1990s to the early 2000s, China's exports of clothing, furniture, household appliances, and other products flooded the European and American markets, significantly impacting Western mid-to-low-end enterprises.

Chinese exports such as T-shirts, jeans, and jackets posed a significant threat to local consumer brands in Europe, resulting in the loss of 1 million jobs in the EU textile and clothing industry over the decade preceding 2005