Cytokine Storm Syndrome Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever and Other Viruses
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-22094-5_16
Abstract
A wide variety of infections can trigger cytokine storm syndromes including those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The most frequent viral trigger is Epstein-Barr virus which is covered in Chapter “Cytokine Storm Syndromes Associated with Epstein Barr Virus”. This chapter focuses on other viruses including the hemorrhagic fever viruses, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, parvovirus, hepatitis viruses, measles, mumps, rubella, enterovirus, parechovirus, rotavirus, and human T-lymphotropic virus. The published literature consists of many single case reports and moderate-sized case series reporting CSS, in most circumstances meeting the 2004 diagnostic criteria for HLH. There is no published clinical trial evidence specifically for management of HLH associated with these viruses. In some situations, patients received supportive therapy and blood product transfusions only but in most cases, they were treated with one or more of intravenous corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and/or etoposide. These were successful in many patients, although in significant numbers progression of infection to CSS was associated with mortality.
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