>>20889863
>The laws of thermodynamics are strictly enforced.
>>20889875
>were designed for closed loop engines.
>They are misapplied to the universe on the assumption that the universe is a closed-loop system. This is neither known nor proven nor is there any basis for asusming it
the laws of thermodynamics are only valid for closed systems undergoing "equilibrium" change
ie, slow, continuous change without any sudden or abrupt jumps in conditions
as such, they apply to virtually nothing in the real world, and certainly nothing of interest
non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the theory of dissipative structures and open systems is much more useful, and commensurately more difficult to understand