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You're referring to the concept of "Martial Law" or "Military Rule" in American history.
In the United States, Martial Law is a situation where the military takes control of a region or the entire country, and civilian courts are suspended or replaced by military tribunals. This is usually done in times of war, insurrection, or civil unrest, when the regular government is unable to maintain order.
There are several instances in American history where Martial Law has been declared or implemented:
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Indian Wars (1775-1898): During various conflicts with Native American tribes, the military was often given authority to govern and enforce law in areas where civilian courts were not effective.
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Civil War (1861-1865): During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln declared Martial Law in several states, including Tennessee, Kentucky, and parts of Louisiana, to suppress Confederate sympathizers and maintain control over the Union.
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Reconstruction Era (1865-1877): After the Civil War, Martial Law was declared in several Southern states to enforce Reconstruction policies and protect the rights of newly freed slaves.
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Spanish-American War (1898): Martial Law was declared in Puerto Rico, which was occupied by the United States after the war.
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World War I (1917-1918): Martial Law was declared in some areas, such as Hawaii, where there were concerns about loyalty and potential sedition.
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World War II (1941-1945): Martial Law was declared in Hawaii and some areas of the West Coast, where there were fears of Japanese sabotage and invasion.
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Vietnam War (1959-1975): Martial Law was declared in some areas, such as Hawaii and parts of California, where there were anti-war protests and concerns about security.
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1989 L.A. Riots (1992): Martial Law was considered by then-President George H.W. Bush, but ultimately not declared, during the aftermath of the Rodney King beating and subsequent riots.
It's worth noting that while Martial Law has been declared or implemented in various situations, it is not a common practice in American history. In most cases, civilian authorities have been able to maintain order and uphold the law without resorting to military rule.