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When Will That Star Dim? Amateur Planet-Chasers Got You!
Sep 19, 2024
A planet swings in front of its star, dimming the starlight we see.
Events like these, called transits, provide us with bounties of information about exoplanets–planets around stars other than the Sun.
But predicting when these special events occur can be challenging…unless you have help from volunteers.
Luckily, a collaboration of multiple teams of amateur planet-chasers, led by researcher Federico R. Noguer from Arizona State University and researchers from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), has taken up the challenge.
This collaboration has published the most precise physical and orbital parameters to date for an important exoplanet called WASP-77 A b.
These precise parameters help us predict future transit events and are crucial for planning spacecraft observations and accurate atmospheric modeling.
“As a retired dentist and now citizen scientist for Exoplanet Watch, research opportunities like this give me a way to learn and contribute to this amazingly exciting field of astrophysics,” said Anthony Norris, a citizen scientist working on the NASA-funded Exoplanet Watch project.
The study combined amateur astronomy/citizen science data from the Exoplanet Watch and ExoClock projects, as well as the Exoplanet Transit Database.
It also incorporated data from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and La Silla Observatory.
Exoplanet Watch invites volunteers to participate in groundbreaking exoplanet research, using their own telescopes to observe exoplanets or by analyzing data others have gathered.
You may have read another recent article about how the Exoplanet Watch team helped validate a new exoplanet candidate.
WASP-77 A b is a gas giant exoplanet that orbits a Sun-like star. It’s only about 20% larger than Jupiter. But that’s where the similarities to our solar system end.
This blazing hot gas ball orbits right next to its star–more than 200 times closer to its star than our Jupiter!
Want a piece of the action? Join the Exoplanet Watch project and help contribute to cutting-edge exoplanet science!
Anyone can participate–participation does not require citizenship in any particular country.
https://science.nasa.gov/get-involved/citizen-science/when-will-that-star-dim-amateur-planet-chasers-got-you/
https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-watch/about-exoplanet-watch/community/
NASA Develops Process to Create Very Accurate Eclipse Maps
Sep 19, 2024
New NASA research reveals a process to generate extremely accurate eclipse maps, which plot the predicted path of the Moon’s shadow as it crosses the face of Earth.
Traditionally, eclipse calculations assume that all observers are at sea level on Earth and that the Moon is a smooth sphere that is perfectly symmetrical around its center of mass.
As such, these calculations do not take into account different elevations on Earth or the Moon’s cratered, uneven surface.
For slightly more accurate maps, people can employ elevation tables and plots of the lunar limb — the edge of the visible surface of the Moon as seen from Earth.
However, now eclipse calculations have gained even greater accuracy by incorporating lunar topography data from NASA’s LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) observations.
Using LRO elevation maps, NASA visualizer Ernie Wright at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, created a continuously varying lunar limb profile as the Moon’s shadow passes over the Earth.
The mountains and valleys along the edge of the Moon’s disk affect the timing and duration of totality by several seconds.
Wright also used several NASA data sets to provide an elevation map of Earth so that eclipse observer locations were depicted at their true altitude.
The resulting visualizations show something never seen before: the true, time-varying shape of the Moon’s shadow, with the effects of both an accurate lunar limb and the Earth’s terrain.
“Beginning with the 2017 total solar eclipse, we’ve been publishing maps and movies of eclipses that show the true shape of the Moon’s central shadow — the umbra,” said Wright.
“And people ask, why does it look like a potato instead of a smooth oval?
The short answer is that the Moon isn’t a perfectly smooth sphere.”
The mountains and valleys around the edge of the Moon change the shape of the shadow.
The valleys are also responsible for Baily’s beads and the diamond ring, the last bits of the Sun visible just before and the first just after totality.
Wright is lead author of a paper published Sept. 19 in The Astronomical Journal that reveals for the first time exactly how the Moon’s terrain creates the umbra shape.
The valleys on the edge of the Moon act like pinholes projecting images of the Sun onto the Earth’s surface.
The umbra is the small hole in the middle of these projected Sun images, the place where none of the Sun images reach.
The edges of the umbra are made up of small arcs from the edges of the projected Sun images.
This is just one of several surprising results that have emerged from the new eclipse mapping method described in the paper.
Unlike the traditional method invented 200 years ago, the new way renders eclipse maps one pixel at a time, the same way 3D animation software creates images.
It’s also similar to the way other complex phenomena, like weather, are modeled in the computer by breaking the problem into millions of tiny pieces, something computers are really good at, and something that was inconceivable 200 years ago.
https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/skywatching/eclipses/solar-eclipses/nasa-develops-process-to-create-very-accurate-eclipse-maps/
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/commercial-crew/what-you-need-to-know-about-nasas-spacex-crew-9-mission/
What You Need to Know about NASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 Mission
Sep 19, 2024
NASA astronaut Nick Hague and Roscosmos cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov are preparing to launch on the agency’s SpaceX Crew-9 mission to the International Space Station.
The flight is the ninth crew rotation mission with SpaceX to the station under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.
The duo will lift off aboard the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, which previously flew NASA’s SpaceX Crew-4, Axiom Mission 2 and Axiom Mission 3, from Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.
Once aboard the space station, Hague and Gorbunov will become members of the Expedition 72 crew and perform research, technology demonstrations, and maintenance activities.
The pair will join NASA astronauts Don Petitt, Butch Wilmore, Suni Williams, as well as Roscosmos cosmonauts Alexey Ovchinin and Ivan Vagner.
Wilmore and Williams, who launched aboard the Starliner spacecraft in June, will fly home with Hague and Gorbunov in February 2025.
Launch preparations are underway, and teams are working to integrate the spacecraft and the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, including checkouts of a second flight rocket booster for the mission.
The integrated spacecraft and rocket will then be rolled to the pad and raised to the vertical position for a dry dress rehearsal with the crew and an integrated static fire test prior to launch.
The Crew
Nick Hague will serve as crew commander for Crew-9, making this his third launch and second mission to the space station.
During his first launch in October 2018, Hague and his crewmate, Roscosmos’ Alexey Ovchinin, experienced a rocket booster failure, resulting in an in-flight, post-launch abort, ballistic re-entry, and safe landing in their Soyuz MS-10 spacecraft.
Five months later, Hague launched aboard Soyuz MS-12 and served as a flight engineer aboard the space station during Expeditions 59 and 60.
Hague has spent 203 days in space and conducted three spacewalks to upgrade space station power systems and install a docking adapter for commercial spacecraft.
Born in Belleville, Kansas, Hague earned a bachelor’s degree in Astronautical Engineering from the United States Air Force Academy and a master’s degree in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hague was selected as an astronaut by NASA in 2013.
An active-duty colonel in the U.S. Space Force, Hague completed a developmental rotation at the Defense Department and served as the Space Force’s director of test and evaluation from 2020 to 2022.
In August 2022, Hague resumed duties at NASA, working on the Boeing Starliner Program until this flight assignment.
Follow @astrohague on X and Instagram.
Roscosmos cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov will embark on his first trip to the space station as a mission specialist for Crew-9.
Born in Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region, Russia, he studied engineering with qualifications in spacecraft and upper stages from the Moscow Aviation Institute.
Gorbunov graduated from the military department with a specialty in operating and repairing aircraft, helicopters, and aircraft engines.
Before his selection as a cosmonaut in 2018, he worked as an engineer for Rocket Space Corp. Energia and supported cargo spacecraft launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Gorbunov will serve as a flight engineer during Expedition 71/72 aboard the space station.
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Mission Overview
After liftoff, Dragon will accelerate to approximately 17,500 mph to dock with the space station.
Once in orbit, flight control teams from NASA’s Mission Control Center at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston and the SpaceX mission control in Hawthorne, California, will monitor a series of automatic maneuvers that will guide Dragon to the forward-facing port of the station’s Harmony module.
The spacecraft is designed to dock autonomously, but the crew can take control and pilot manually if necessary.
After docking, Expedition 71 will welcome Hague and Gorbunov inside the station and conduct several days of handover activities with the departing astronauts of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-8 mission.
After a handover period, NASA astronauts Matthew Dominick, Michael Barratt, Jeanette Epps, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Alexander Grebenkin of Crew-8 will undock from the space station and splash down off the coast of Florida.
Crew-9 will conduct new scientific research to prepare for human exploration beyond low Earth orbit and benefit humanity on Earth.
Experiments include the impact of flame behavior on Earth, studying cells and platelets during long-duration spaceflight, and a B vitamin that could reduce Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome.
They’ll also work on experiments that benefit life on Earth, like studying the physics of supernova explosions and monitoring the effects of different moister treatments on plants grown aboard the station.
These are just a few of over 200 scientific experiments and technology demonstrations taking place during their mission.
While aboard the orbiting laboratory, Crew-9 will welcome two Dragon spacecraft, including NASA’s SpaceX’s 31st commercial resupply services mission and NASA’s SpaceX Crew-10, and two Roscosmos-led cargo deliveries on Progress 90 and 91.
In February, Hague, Gorbunov, Wilmore, and Williams will climb aboard Dragon and autonomously undock, depart the space station, and re-enter Earth’s atmosphere.
After splashdown off Florida’s coast, a SpaceX recovery vessel will pick up the spacecraft and crew, who then will be helicoptered back to shore.
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She considers it her angel number
NASA watches a peanut-shaped asteroid drift past Earth
September 19, 2024
Peanuts! Get your peanuts here! The solar system has been passing out peanuts lately in the form of two different oddly shaped asteroids that recently passed by Earth, and both look like over-sized peanuts.
The latest peanut-shaped asteroid pass was on September 16, 2024, when the near-Earth asteroid 2024 ON came within 1 million kilometers (621,000 miles) of Earth (2.6 times the Earth-moon distance).
Radar imaging revealed the asteroid was peanut-shaped because it is actually a contact binary—which means it is made of two smaller objects touching each other.
NASA says the two rounded lobes are separated by a pronounced neck, and one lobe is about 50% larger than the other.
In total, 2024 ON measures about 350 meters (382 yards) long. The radar could resolve features down to about 3.75 meters across on the surface, including brighter boulders.
NASA says about 14% of asteroids in this size range (larger than about 200 meters [660 feet]) are contact binaries.
Just last month, on August 18–19, 2024, the other "peanut" passed by our planet.
Asteroid 2024 JV33 appears to also be a contact binary with two rounded lobes, one lobe larger than the other, and is about 300 meters (980 feet) long, about as long as the Eiffel Tower.
Imagery showed that asteroid 2024 JV33 rotates once every seven hours.
It safely passed Earth a little further than 2024 ON, at a distance of 4.6 million km (2.8 million miles), about 12 times the distance between the moon and Earth.
Both asteroids were captured in a series of radar images obtained by the Deep Space Network's Goldstone solar system Radar near Barstow, California.
The principal technique for studying asteroids is radar—called planetary radar.
While astronomers can study the universe by capturing light from stars, planets, and galaxies, they can also study nearby objects by shining radio light on them and analyzing the signals that echo back.
Planetary radar can reveal incredibly detailed information about our planetary neighbors.
"When astronomers are studying light that is being made by a star, or galaxy, they're trying to figure out its properties," said Patrick Taylor, radar division head for the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, in an interview I did with him earlier this year.
"But with radar, we already know what the properties of the signals are, and we leverage that to figure out the properties of whatever we bounced the signals off of.
That allows us to characterize planetary bodies—like their shape, speed, and trajectory. That's especially important for hazardous objects that might stray too close to Earth."
2024 ON was discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) on Mauna Loa in Hawaii on July 27.
The asteroid was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, on May 4.
NASA labels objects larger than 492 feet that come within 4.6 million miles of Earth "potentially hazardous objects," so scientists are monitoring 2024 JV33 for potential danger even though they don't expect the asteroid to pose a threat in the future.
https://phys.org/news/2024-09-nasa-peanut-asteroid-drift-earth.html
SpaceX Starlink Mission
On Friday, September 20 at 6:50 a.m. PT, Falcon 9 launched 20 Starlink satellites, including 13 with Direct to Cell capabilities, to low-Earth orbit from Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.
This was the 13th flight for the first stage booster supporting this mission, which previously launched SDA-0A, Transporter-11, SARah-2, and now 10 Starlink missions.
https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=sl-9-17
See the moon meet up with the Seven Sisters of the Pleiades this weekend
September 20, 2024
During the morning hours of Sunday, Sept. 22, skywatchers across much of the western US will be able to watch as a waning gibbous moon — 75 percent illuminated by the sun — crosses in front of probably the most noteworthy and popular of all the star clusters in the sky: the Pleiades.
The Pleiades cluster (also known as Messier 45 or M45) can be found low in the east-northeast part of the sky this week around 10 p.m. local daylight time.
By 4:30 a.m., they are literally soaring nearly overhead, high in the south.
Sunday's event, known to astronomers as an occultation, is part of a series of such events of the moon engaging with this famous group of stars that will continue for the next few years.
We will have more to say about this upcoming event a bit later, but first let's talk about the Pleiades themselves.
Few star figures are as familiar as the Pleiades, known also as the Seven Sisters.
Anyone having difficulty in recognizing various stars and constellations should start with the Pleiades, because there is nothing else like them in the sky and nobody can look very long at the heavens on a winter night without noticing them and wondering what they are.
Located in the zodiacal constellation of Taurus the Bull, they mark the bull's shoulder.
To the average eye, this group looks at first like a shimmering little cloud of light.
But further examination, aided by good eyesight, will reveal a tight knot of 6 or 7 stars, though some have recorded more under excellent conditions.
Alcyone is the brightest sister. She is accompanied by Maia; Asterope I and II (known as the double star 21 Tauri); Taygeta; Celaeno; and Electra.
Lastly, there is Merope, a star surrounded by a beautiful cloud of cosmic dust particles producing a blue reflection nebula. Atlas and Pleione represent the girls' father and mother.
As noted earlier, on the morning of Sept. 22, a 19-day-old moon will pass through the Pleiades.
Most of the western US will be able to watch the brightest members of this star cluster pass behind the disk of the moon.
In the upcoming occultation, because the moon is in its waning gibbous phase, stars will disappear behind its bright limb, where you'll need a telescope to watch them go, and will reappear out from behind the moon's dark limb, where binoculars may suffice.
Whether there is a lunar occultation or not, the moon is always stunning seen up close.
If you want to see take a good look at the moon, our guides to the best telescopes and best binoculars.
And if you want to try your hand at taking your own photos of the moon during this event or any other, we have a guide for how to photograph the moon, as well as lists of the best cameras for astrophotography and best lenses for astrophotography.
Another factor that will come into play for those in the eastern and central US and Canada is that for these regions, the moon will begin to encroach upon the Pleiades after sunrise in the East, while for the central states' morning twilight will be advancing which means seeing the stars in the cluster will become increasingly difficult as the background sky becomes progressively brighter, or worse, both the disappearance and reappearance will come after sunrise.
The situation improves over the Mountain Time Zone, where the occultation begins in a dark sky, while the end takes place during twilight when the sky is still generally dark.
For those in the Pacific Time Zone, the entire occultation takes place in a dark sky from start to finish.
For instance: seen from the Chicago area, Electra will disappear around 5:01 a.m. CDT in a dark sky, but reappears during mid-twilight at 5:54 a.m. Alcyone disappears during bright (civil) twilight at 6:08 a.m. but reappears after sunrise.
By comparison, from Denver, Electra disappears and reappears in a dark sky at 3:43 a.m. MDT and 4:13 a.m. respectively. Alcyone disappears in a dark sky at 4:36 a.m. and reappears during mid-twilight at 5:57 a.m.
Finally, Atlas disappears at 5:36 a.m. but will reappear in a bright twilight sky at 6:39 a.m. Another Pleiad, Maia, will be covered but as seen only from the southern US.
And that's it for bright stars.
https://www.space.com/the-universe/moon/see-the-moon-meet-up-with-the-seven-sisters-of-the-pleiades-this-weekend
https://www.space.com/neptunian-landscape-ridge-exoplanets
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/09/aa50957-24/aa50957-24.html
Exoplanets may be hiding behind the 'Neptunian ridge'
September 20, 2024
Astronomers have discovered a new feature in the distribution of planets beyond the solar system, and this finding could help us understand the dynamics that determine the formation of exoplanets close to their stars.
The discovery — made by a team of scientists from the University of Geneva, the National Centers of Competence in Research (NCCR) Planets group, and the Centro de AstrobiologĂa (CAB) — has been termed the "Neptunian ridge."
The Neptunian ridge is a feature in the distribution of Neptune-sized exoplanets that sits between the called the "Neptunian desert," where there's an absence of Neptunian planets close to their star, also known as "hot-Neptunes," and the "Neptunian savanna," where there's an abundance of these worlds existing further out from their star.
The Neptunian desert has long been a puzzling feature to astronomers and planetary scientists, pointing to strange quirks in the evolution of planetary systems.
"We found an overdensity of planets in this region, indicating a sharp transition between the barren Neptunian desert and the more populated Neptunian savanna," Vincent Bourrier, Assistant Professor at the Astronomy Department of the UNIGE Faculty of Science and co-author of the study, said in a statement.
This newly identified ridge marks a critical zone where planets have managed to migrate inward while resisting intense radiation near their stars.
To understand where the concept of the Neptunian desert comes from, it is worth considering how scientists sometimes categorize planets beyond the solar system.
Since the discovery of the first extrasolar planet in the mid-1990s, scientists have uncovered over 6,000 planets beyond the solar system, with thousands more awaiting confirmation.
Exoplanets can be of a vast array of sizes and masses, and can exist at different distances from their stars.
They're usually compared to worlds within the solar system so scientists can understand some of their characteristics.
So, "super-Jupiters" are planets more massive than Jupiter, super-Earths are more massive than Earth, and sub-Neptunes are planets smaller than Neptune.
The prefix "hot" describes a planet close enough to its star to complete an orbit in mere days or even hours.
Referring to a planet as "Neptune" in this respect doesn't indicate it is an ice giant, however, like our own Neptune.
Likewise, super-Earths don't necessarily have to be terrestrial planets — they could be small gas planets. "Super-Jupiters" and "hot-Jupiters" are more likely to be gas giants like Jupiter, though, because of their vast size.
When scientists began to plot exoplanets based on things like their widths and the time they take to orbit their stars, many curious and fascinating patterns of planetary distribution emerged.
One was the lack of Neptune-size worlds orbiting close to their stars: hot-Neptunes.
Scientists theorize this absence exists because close to stars, harsh radiation strips away the atmospheres of planets, thus "shrinking" them.
This process is called photoevaporation.
Furthermore, beyond the barren figurative landscape of the Neptunian desert lies a region where Neptune-size worlds are found in abundance.
That's the Neptunian savanna. Here, at greater distances from their stars, the worlds can hang on to their atmospheres and retain their size.
Neptunian planets lurking in the Neptunian savanna are believed to migrate from their more distant locations away from their stars to the Neptunian desert, where they get closer to those stars and are quickly robbed of their atmospheres.
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To understand how the Neptunian desert and savanna evolved, Bourrier and colleagues used data from NASA's Kepler space telescope.
Defining precise regions of the "Neptunian landscape," they found a distinct region between the desert and the savanna, representing an orbital period of 3.2 to 5.7 Earth days.
They dubbed this the "Neptunian ridge," finding that it reveals some of the intricate processes of Neptunian planet migration.
"The Neptunian ridge stands tall above the desert and savanna," Bourrier said. "It provides us with a key to understanding the physical mechanisms shaping the desert."
The fact that this ridge exists suggests that some Neptune-size planets are brought to this region by a type of movement called "high-eccentricity migration."
This happens later in a planet's life, and it allows a world to survive the erosion of its atmosphere via radiation blasting from its star.
These migration processes and the photoevaporation of atmospheres are likely what shape the Neptunian desert, ridge and savanna observed in the Neptunian landscape.
The team will now turn to the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and its ESPRESSO (Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations) instrument to learn more about the Neptunian desert, savanna, and ridge.
This should allow the researchers to survey the orientation of a sample of rare hot-Neptunes.
Knowing the orientation of a planet is important because it is a factor in understanding any exoplanet migration process, meaning it's a crucial piece of missing information about the evolution of close-in planets and why they don't tend to be Neptune-size.
"The Neptunian ridge is just the beginning," research first author Amadeo Castro-González, a Ph.D. student at the Center for Astrobiology in Madrid, said in the statement.
"With upcoming results from this observational program, we'll be able to test our hypotheses about the origins and evolution of these intriguing worlds, providing a more comprehensive view of the close-in Neptunian landscape."
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Juice snaps an Earth–Moon portrait
20/09/2024
This photograph of Earth and the Moon was taken by the JANUS camera onboard ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice).
It was taken on 9 September 2024 Juice sailed off towards Venus following its lunar-Earth flyby.
At the time, it was 5.7 million km away from Earth, and 5.3 million km from the Moon.
After flying past Venus in August 2025, Juice will pass by Earth again in September 2026 and January 2029.
These so-called flybys help direct and accelerate the spacecraft so that it reaches Jupiter in July 2031 using just a minimum amount of fuel.
JANUS is Juice’s scientific camera, designed to take detailed, high-resolution photos of Jupiter and its icy moons.
It will study global, regional and local features and processes on the moons, as well as mapping Jupiter’s clouds.
It will have a resolution up to 2.4 m per pixel on the jovian moon Ganymede and about 10 km per pixel at Jupiter.
The main aim of JANUS’s observations during and shortly following the lunar-Earth flyby was to evaluate how well the instrument is performing, not to make scientific measurements.
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/09/Juice_snaps_an_Earth_Moon_portrait
Earth from Space: Burning Man festival
20/09/2024
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission has snapped a souvenir of the Burning Man festival in the Black Rock desert in Nevada.
Zoom in to explore this image at its full 10 m resolution or click on the circles to learn more.
Covering about 2600 sq km, the Black Rock Desert is an arid region of lava beds and alkali flats in northwestern Nevada.
The picture, acquired on 26 August 2024, captures the white, sandy area in the southwestern part of the desert, where the Burning Man festival takes place annually.
Over 70 000 people gathered from 25 August to 2 September at Black Rock for the desert-based event.
This image, taken from orbit on the second day of the event, shows the area of camper vans and tents grouped together for the week-long art and self-expression festival, which involves music, stunning art installations, experimental and interactive sculptures, and art cars, among others.
The name comes from its culminating ceremony, featuring the symbolic burning of a large wooden effigy, referred to as the Man, located at the dead centre of this temporary settlement.
Like most of Nevada, the Black Rock Desert lies within the Great Basin Desert, the largest in the US, covering an arid expanse of some 492 000 sq km.
The Great Basin is noted for its internal drainage system, in which precipitation never reaches an outlet to the sea.
Stretching and uplifting of Earth's crust over the past 17 million years have resulted in a recurrent pattern of valleys and rugged north-south mountain ranges, like those visible in brown around the sandy area.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission is based on a constellation of two identical satellites flying in the same orbit but 180° apart, to cover all of Earth’s land and coastal waters every five days.
On 5 September 2024, the third satellite in the mission, Sentinel-2C, was launched into orbit to join its siblings and ensure the continuous provision of high-resolution data from the mission.
Less than two weeks after launch, Sentinel-2C has delivered its stunning first images, proving that the satellite is not only working as expected, but has already surpassed expectations.
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/09/Earth_from_Space_Burning_Man_festival