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https://protectdemocracy.org/work/the-presidential-pardon-power-explained/
https://archive.vn/RebR6
The presidential pardon power, explained
While the presidential pardon power is expansive, it is not, according to federal courts, “limitless.” To the contrary, as “part of the Constitutional scheme,” it is subject to several express and structural constitutional constraints. The Pardon Clause makes explicit that pardons may only extend to “Offenses against the United States,” meaning state criminal offenses and civil liability are not pardonable, and that they may not be granted for “Cases of Impeachment.” But these are not the only limitations. As the Supreme Court explains, limitations may otherwise be “found in the Constitution.” In particular, four categories of pardons violate core constitutional provisions and principles and constitute abuses of power:
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Presidential pardons cannot place the president above the law
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Presidential pardons cannot undermine other parts of the Constitution, including constitutional rights
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Presidential pardons cannot violate criminal law
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Presidential pardons cannot license future lawbreaking on the president’s behalf