>>22601136

Dig on USAID #1 Vendor which is the World Bank Group

https://2012-2017.usaid.gov/results-and-data/budget-spending/top-40-vendors

Top 40 Vendors

USAIDworks with a diverse group of partners worldwide. Following is a list of the top 40 vendors, based on amounts obligated. (Data is current as of November, 2014.) Please visit ForeignAssistance.gov to view detailed transaction data.

Vendor Name FY 2014

1WORLD BANK GROUP2,051,451,215.97

2 WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 1,482,417,197.00

3 CHEMONICS 501,697,892.98

4 P F S C M 389,233,980.00

5 FHI 360 351,378,922.26

6 UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND 299,704,499.00

7 JOHN SNOW, INCORPORATED 285,510,939.85

8 DAI WASHINGTON 262,402,692.38

9 MANAGEMENT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH, INC. 245,683,554.43

10 JHPIEGO CORPORATION 219,477,936.09

11 ABT ASSOCIATES INC. 216,992,854.57

12 R T I INTERNATIONAL 207,619,327.94

13 CRS.ORG 206,369,402.89

14 MERCY CORPS 196,784,225.67

15 GAVI ALLIANCE 175,000,000.00

16 WHO / OMS 163,170,668.00

17 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION 154,002,795.81

18 TETRA TECH ARD 153,503,372.25

19 ACDI/VOCA 142,284,590.00

20 INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES GROUP LTD. 137,736,270.09

21 P S I 132,499,067.65

22 SAVE THE CHILDREN 125,954,645.34

23 INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS 122,971,079.00

24 IRC AND PARTNERS 122,390,490.55

25 AECOM INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INC. 118,032,255.18

26 UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CO., LLC 115,178,945.33

27 CREATIVE ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL, INC. 114,315,264.78

28 UNAIDS JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/AIDS 112,010,452.00

29 INTERNATIONAL RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT, INC. 111,532,142.15

30 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC. 105,097,266.17

31 JSI RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE,INC. 103,892,523.00

32 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 100,116,921.00

33 CONSORTIUM FOR ELECTIONS & POLITICAL PROCESS STRENGTHENING 89,965,953.67

34 FHI DEVELOPMENT 360 LLC 84,598,113.07

35 PACT 81,389,064.08

36 WORLD VISION, INC. 81,288,667.44

37 GLOBAL COMMUNITIES 80,740,523.92

38 USAID Support to Power Transmission Expansion & Connectivity 76,700,000.00

39 WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 74,055,902.79

40 DELOITTE CONSULTING LLP 69,632,923.35

>>22601136

>>22601139

https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home

The World Bank comprisesFiveLegal Entities:

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

The world’s largest development bank, IBRD provides financial products and policy advice to help countries reduce poverty and extend the benefits of sustainable growth to all of their people.

https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/ibrd

IDA

International Development Association

Global Solidarity for Greater Impact and Results

The successful IDA21 replenishment will assist countries in greatest need, empowering them to navigate an uncertain world and realize their full potential.

IFC

International Finance Corporation

Why Developing Economies Need a New Playbook

Find out the latest outlook on the global economy, and why developing economies are falling further behind.

MIGA

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

Our mandate is to promote cross-border investment in developing countries by providing guarantees (political risk insurance and credit enhancement) to investors and lenders.

Our guarantees protect investments against noncommercial risks and can help investors obtain access to funding sources with improved financial terms and conditions.

ICSID

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

ICSID is the world’s leading institution devoted to international investment dispute settlement.

It has extensive experience in this field, having administered the majority of all international investment cases.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group

>>22601136

The current World Bank President is Ajay Banga

Ajaypal Singh "Ajay" Banga (born November 10, 1959[1]) is an Indian-born American business executive.[2] He is currently the president of the World Bank Group.[3] He was the executive chairman of Mastercard, after having previously served as president and chief executive officer (CEO) of the company from July 2010 until December 31, 2020.[4][5] He retired from this position on December 31, 2021, and joined General Atlantic as its vice chairman.[6]

Before being nominated to the World Bank, he was the chairman of Exor, the Netherlands-based investment holding company controlled by the Italian Agnelli Family,[7][8] and chairman of the public-private Partnership for Central America with U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris.[9][10]

Banga is the former chairman of the U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC) representing more than 300 of the largest international companies investing in India, and chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce.[11]

Banga was elected President of the World Bank on May 3, 2023, having been nominated to the position in February 2023 by the Biden administration.[12][13][14]

In February 2015, President Barack Obama appointed Banga to serve as a member of the President's Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations.[31]

Since the 2020 elections, Banga has been an outside adviser to Vice President Kamala Harris as chairman of the Partnership for Central America where he has led a group of business leaders who have advised her on the administration's work in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.[32]

On February 23, 2023, Banga was nominated by President Biden to lead the World Bank. On May 3, 2023, the World Bank confirmed Ajay Banga as its fourteenth president,[12] and started his term on June 2, 2023.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Banga

Joe Biden nominates Indian-American Ajay Banga as World Bank’s President

ANI News Feb 23, 2023 #joebiden #worldbank #ajaybanga

Raised in India, Ajay Banga has been nominated by the United States of America to be the World Bank’s President, informed The White House on February 23. While addressing weekly briefings, White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said, "The US nominated Ajay Banga to be president of the World Bank. President Biden himself said he is uniquely equipped to lead the world bank, he is a renowned business executive who has managed companies bringing jobs and investment to developing economies."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8w8_Zqf20eM

Ajay Banga Makes History as First Indian-Origin Male President of World Bank | English News | WION

WION May 4, 2023 #WION #WorldBank #AjayBanga

The former CEO of MasterCard, who is of Indian descent, was voted to a five-year term on Wednesday by the 25 members of the World Bank's executive board. His term will begin on June 2nd. U.S. President Joe Biden made the 63-year-old banga's nomination for the position in late February.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Auq_tG-wrOM

>>22601136

World Bank Past Presidents

David R. Malpass

April 9, 2019 – June 1, 2023

Oversaw the WBG’s largest ever crisis response during the COVID-19 pandemic, more than doubled the institution’s investment in climate-related projects, and initiated the Evolution Roadmap reform process.

Jim Yong Kim

July 1, 2012 - February 1, 2019

Established a bold agenda for the international development community: end extreme poverty by 2030 and sustainably build shared prosperity by boosting the incomes of the poorest 40% of the population.

Obama Taps Jim Yong Kim for World Bank

Associated Press Mar 23, 2012

President Barack Obama nominated Dartmouth College President Jim Yong Kim to head the World Bank Friday. It's a surprise choice for the World Bank's top job. (March 23)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zASRa8IUVk8

>>22601136

Robert B. Zoellick

July 1, 2007 - June 30, 2012

Modernized and recapitalized the World Bank by prioritizing good governance and anti-corruption strategies while confronted with the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and post-conflict issues in member states.

Paul D. Wolfowitz

June 1, 2005 - June 30, 2007

Emphasized support on Africa through the Bank's Africa Action Plan (AAP), pursued a strategy on clean energy and climate change, and advocated for the repatriation of looted assets to developing countries.

James D. Wolfensohn

June 1, 1995 - May 31, 2005

Prioritized the Bank's core purpose: fight global poverty and help the world's poor forge better lives.

Known as the "Renaissance Banker", Wolfensohn pursued many initiatives including debt relief and the fight against the "cancer of corruption".

Lewis T. Preston

September 1, 1991 - May 4, 1995

Led the Bank with agility and responsiveness to meet the changing needs of members: welcoming former Soviet Republics as new members, establishing lending programs in the newly democratic South Africa, and resuming lending

operations in Vietnam.

Barber Conable

July 1, 1986 - August 31, 1991

Realigned his administration with the Bank's central mission of alleviating poverty and recognized the significance of tackling environmental problems. He also oversaw the most extensive reorganization in the Bank's history.

A. W. Clausen

July 1, 1981 - June 30, 1986

Oversaw the expansion of structural adjustment lending during the debt crisis of the early 1980s and emphasized the need for additional assistance to sub-Saharan Africa to provide development infrastructure.

Robert S. McNamara

April 1, 1968 - June 30, 1981

Transformed the World Bank into a development organization by focusing on the needs of people living in extreme poverty.

Expanded operations into new sectors and dramatically increased lending commitments and the number of Bank staff.

George D. Woods

January 1, 1963 - March 31, 1968

Reinforced the Bank's role as a development institution and redirected its focus and resources to the analysis of development and the support of relevant economic activities.

Eugene R. Black

July 1, 1949 - December 31, 1962

Established the Bank as an impartial mediator in international disputes, built the Bank's credit in U.S. capital markets, and formalized operational policies. Two major affiliates were created during his administration: IFC and IDA.

John J. McCloy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCloy

March 17, 1947 - June 30, 1949

Solidified the Bank's role as a lending institution and clarified the respective roles of the executive directors and the president. Agreement between the World Bank and the United Nations was formalized during his administration.

John Jay McCloy (March 31, 1895 – March 11, 1989) was an American lawyer, diplomat, banker, and high-ranking bureaucrat. He served as Assistant Secretary of War during World War II under Henry Stimson. In this capacity he dealt with German sabotage and political tensions in the North Africa Campaign. He was both the prime mover of Japanese internment[2] and as well as a high-ranking Federal bureaucrat who opposed the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[3][4] After the war, he served as the president of the World Bank, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany, chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank, chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Warren Commission, and a prominent adviser to all presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Ronald Reagan.

McCloy was a member of a foreign policy group called "The Wise Men."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCloy

Eugene Meyer

June 18, 1946 - December 18 1946

Laid the groundwork for the World Bank: defined the Bank's mission, appointed senior staff, hired personnel capable of analyzing loan proposals, and began the important task of building confidence in the Bank on Wall Street.

Eugene Isaac Meyer (October 31, 1875 – July 17, 1959) was a prominent American banker, businessman, financier, and newspaper publisher. His most notable public service role was as thefifth chairman of the Federal Reserve, a position he held from 1930 to 1933. Meyer purchased The Washington Post in 1933, and was its publisher from 1933 to 1946, with the paper staying in his family throughout the rest of the 20th century. He was the first president of the World Bank Group from June to December 1946.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)

>>22601136

World Bank Group President Kim and Pope Francis Meet to Discuss Mutual Efforts to End Poverty

October 28, 2013

ROME, October 28, 2013 - World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim and His Holiness Pope Francis met today at the Vatican to discuss their mutual efforts to end extreme poverty and provide greater opportunities for the poor and vulnerable.

“I was so grateful to meet with the Holy Father and was inspired by his passion and commitment to help the poor, the sick, and the hungry,” Kim said. “We talked about ways we could work together with faith leaders to make a preferential option for the poor, so they can have greater opportunity and justice in their lives.”

Kim thanked Pope Francis for his strong statements encouraging humble service to the less fortunate, as well as his support for better education, health care, environmental protection, and jobs with fair wages to help the poor lift themselves out of poverty.

Following the 20-minute meeting, Pope Francis and Kim agreed to explore ways to work together to end extreme poverty.

“At the World Bank Group, we have set a goal to end extreme poverty in less than a generation, and to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of people in developing countries,” Kim said. “Pope Francis and I agree on the urgent moral imperative to lessen the suffering of over 1 billion people and to end the scandal of poverty. We share a vision of a world with greater compassion for all people in need.”

During his visit, Kim also met with Monseigneur Dominique Mamberti, Secretary for Relations with States, and discussed closer collaboration between the Church and the World Bank Group.

“Pope Francis unites us all with the moral clarity of his message on poverty,” Kim said. “We must address the root causes of poverty by giving the poor access to education, health care, and good jobs–benefitting women, young people, and those denied opportunities in the past.”

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/10/28/world-bank-group-president-kim-pope-francis-efforts-end-poverty

World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim Press Conference Rome, Italy

Full Transcript

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2013/10/28/transcript-vatican-press-conference-world-bank-group-jim-yong-kim

>>22601136

The World Bank, the Catholic Church, and the Global Future of Development

Thomas Banchoff March 16, 2015

Contact between the two institutions has been sporadic. The Bank’s focus is projects with governments to address economic development, while the Church works mainly through social channels. Recently, however, the leaders of both institutions have articulated convergent approaches to human development that link economics with health, education, and the environment. As World Bank President Jim Yong Kim put it after his meeting with Pope Francis in October 2013, “We share a vision of a world with greater compassion for all people in need.”

This spring Georgetown’s new Global Futures Initiative is inviting faculty and students to explore that common vision and how to realize it in practice. A series of lectures by President Kim and his colleague Chief Economist Kaushik Basu are catalyzing conversations on campus and on the web, including one with 20 participants from Catholic and Jesuit colleges and universities around the world.

In that conversation thus far, bloggers from Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, India, South Korea, Japan, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Rwanda, and the United States have highlighted two areas of overlap and one difference of emphasis in emergent approaches to development within the Bank and within the Church.

Mental Models. Kim’s first lecture, on the Ebola crisis, highlighted the Bank’s recent work on mental models—the often unconscious ideas and values that frame problems and can impede the search for creative solutions. What Francis calls the “globalization of indifference” exemplifies a destructive mental model—the widespread assumption that economic forces are beyond our control and that fundamental questions of justice should not frame our policy thinking.

Social Inequality. In his first lecture, on global economic trends, Kaushik Basu discussed the Bank’s adoption of “shared prosperity” as a priority goal. The emphasis not just on extreme poverty but also on inequality parallels developments in Catholic social thought in recent years. As inequality has sharpened—the wealth of the richest global 1 percent is likely to soon surpass that of the other 99 percent—Francis has addressed it as “the root of social evil” and a threat to the global common good.

Accompaniment. A cross-cutting current within the blogs—the importance of personal engagement with the poor in a spirit of mutual respect—points to a difference of emphasis between the Bank and the Church. As an intergovernmental institution with a secular ethos, the Bank cannot approach human dignity as grounded in transcendence or in a Gospel command of love. Francis’ radical call to accompany the poor in their struggle makes development a personal, as well as a political, imperative.

Ultimately the World Bank, like the Catholic Church and other faith communities, acknowledges the importance of personal engagement in advancing social and political goals. Any appeal to rid the world of poverty involves a call to individual conscience. As Kim reminded the Georgetown students at the close of his lecture, “You are the first generation in the history of the world that can end extreme poverty in your lifetimes.”

Jim Kim’s next lecture in the Global Future of Development series, on March 18, will address climate change. To follow the conversation, visit the Georgetown Global Futures website and follow the dialogues on global development and Catholic social thought.

https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/forum/the-world-bank-the-catholic-church-and-the-global-future-of-development

This blog post originally appeared on the Berkeley Center for Religion, Peace, & World Affairs at Georgetown University.

https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/forum/the-world-bank-the-catholic-church-and-the-global-future-of-development

>>22601136

Pope Francis: Too much exclusion for a world in which all are equal

Pope Francis sends a letter to the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund as they begin their virtual spring meetings. In his letter, the Pope stresses the importance of developing a just and equal society for all.

By Vatican News staff writer April 2021

In a letter addressed to the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund, Pope Francis noted that over the last year, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, "our world has been forced to confront a series of grave and interrelated socio-economic, ecological and political crises".

As the groups meet this spring, the Pope stresses that it is his hope that their discussions may contribute to a model of 'recovery' capable of generating new, more inclusive, and sustainable solutions to support the real economy, assisting individuals and communities to achieve their deepest aspirations and the universal common good.

Equal, yet excluded

Pope Francis went on to note that "for all our deeply-held convictions that all men and women are created equal, many of our brothers and sisters in the human family, especially those at the margins of society, are effectively excluded from the financial world". The pandemic, he continued, has reminded us that "no one is saved alone". "If we are to come out of this situation as a better, more humane, and solidary world," he said, "new and creative forms of social, political and economic participation must be devised, sensitive to the voice of the poor and committed to including them in the building of our common future", through inclusive projects.

Need for a global plan

The Pope then noted that many countries are now consolidating a recovery plan for Covid, but that "there remains an urgent need for a global plan that can create new or regenerate existing institutions, particularly those of global governance, and help to build a new network of international relations for advancing the integral human development of all peoples". This, he explained, means giving poorer and less developed nations an effective share in decision-making and facilitating access to the international market.

We cannot overlook the “ecological debt” that exists especially between the global north and south, continued the Pope. "We are, in fact, in debt to nature itself, as well as the people and countries affected by human-induced ecological degradation and biodiversity loss", he added. In this regard, the Pope said, "I believe that the financial industry, which is distinguished by its great creativity, will prove capable of developing agile mechanisms for calculating this ecological debt, so that developed countries can pay it, not only by significantly limiting their consumption of non-renewable energy or by assisting poorer countries to enact policies and programmes of sustainable development, but also by covering the costs of the innovation required for that purpose".

He continued, "Central to a just and integrated development is a profound appreciation of the essential objective and end of all economic life, namely the universal common good: Public money should never be disjoined from the public good, and financial markets should be underpinned by laws and regulations aimed at ensuring that they truly work for the common good".

A future for our common home

Bringing his letter to a close, the Pope said that it is time to acknowledge that markets do not govern themselves. "Markets need to be underpinned by laws and regulations that ensure they work for the common good, guaranteeing that finance works for the societal goals so much needed in the context of the present global healthcare emergency."

Finally, the Pope expressed his hope that in these days of formal deliberations and personal encounters, the two organisations with "bear much fruit from the discernment of wise solutions for a more inclusive and sustainable future. A future where finance is at the service of the common good, where the vulnerable and the marginalized are placed at the centre, and where the earth, our common home, is well cared for"

https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-04/pope-francis-world-monetary-fund-message.html

>>22601136

Message of His Holiness Pope Francis to the World Bank Group and International Monetary FundApril 7, 2021

I am grateful for the kind invitation to address the participants in the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund 2021 Spring Meetings by means of this letter, which I have entrusted to Cardinal Peter Turkson, Prefect of the Holy See’s Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development.

In this past year, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, our world has been forced to confront a series of grave and interrelated socio-economic, ecological, and political crises. It is my hope that your discussions will contribute to a model of “recovery” capable of generating new, more inclusive and sustainable solutions to support the real economy, assisting individuals and communities to achieve their deepest aspirations and the universal common good. The notion of recovery cannot be content to a return to an unequal and unsustainable model of economic and social life, where a tiny minority of the world’s population owns half of its wealth.

For all our deeply-held convictions that all men and women are created equal, many of our brothers and sisters in the human family, especially those at the margins of society, are effectively excluded from the financial world. The pandemic, however, has reminded us once again that no one is saved alone. If we are to come out of this situation as a better, more humane and solidary world, new and creative forms of social, political and economic participation must be devised, sensitive to the voice of the poor and committed to including them in the building of our common future (cf. Fratelli Tutti, 169). As experts in finance and economics, you know well that trust, born of the interconnectedness between people, is the cornerstone of all relationships, including financial relationships. Those relationships can only be built up through the development of a “culture of encounter” in which every voice can be heard and all can thrive, finding points of contact, building bridges, and envisioning long-term inclusive projects (cf. ibid., 216).

While many countries are now consolidating individual recovery plans, there remains an urgent need for a global plan that can create new or regenerate existing institutions, particularly those of global governance, and help to build a new network of international relations for advancing the integral human development of all peoples. This necessarily means giving poorer and less developed nations an effective share in decision-making and facilitating access to the international market. A spirit of global solidarity also demands at the least a significant reduction in the debt burden of the poorest nations, which has been exacerbated by the pandemic. Relieving the burden of debt of so many countries and communities today, is a profoundly human gesture that can help people to develop, to have access to vaccines, health, education and jobs.

It is time to acknowledge that markets - particularly the financial ones - do not govern themselves. Markets need to be underpinned by laws and regulations that ensure they work for the common good, guaranteeing that finance - rather than being merely speculative or self-financing- works for the societal goals so much needed during the present global healthcare emergency.

In this regard, we especially need a justly financed vaccine solidarity, for we cannot allow the law of the marketplace to take precedence over the law of love and the health of all. Here, I reiterate my call to government leaders, businesses and international organizations to work together in providing vaccines for all, especially for the most vulnerable and needy (cf. Urbi et Orbi Message, Christmas Day 2020).

It is my hope that in these days your formal deliberations and your personal encounters will bear much fruit for the discernment of wise solutions for a more inclusive and sustainable future. A future where finance is at the service of the common good, where the vulnerable and the marginalized are placed at the centre, and where the earth, our common home, is well cared for.

In offering my prayerful best wishes for the fruitfulness of the meetings, I invoke upon all taking part God’s blessings of wisdom and understanding, good counsel, strength and peace.

From the Vatican, 4 April 2021

S.A., 4 aprile 2021

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/statement/2021/04/07/message-of-his-holiness-pope-francis-to-the-world-bank-group-and-international-monetary-fund

>>22601136

Side dig on Anjay Banga

==AJAY BANGA worked for EXOR AGNELLI FAMILY > FIAT > Fascism

Before being nominated to the World Bank, he was the chairman of Exor, the Netherlands-based investment holding company controlled by the Italian Agnelli Family,[7][8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Banga

Agnelli and fascism

IMAGE: Mussolini giving a speech in Turin with Agnelli in 1923

An acquaintance of Benito Mussolini since 1914, Agnelli was appointed in 1923 by Mussolini as a senator for the National Fascist Party.[23] His newspaper La Stampa distanced themselves from Mussolini; thanks to his connections with the House of Savoy, he could assert autonomy from the Italian fascist regime. As an example, he appointed Curzio Malaparte, who was disliked by Mussolini, as director of La Stampa, and took on as private tutor of his grandson the liberal anti-fascist Franco Antonicelli,[24] and allowed his nephews to attend as their tutor the anti-fascist Augusto Monti, and another anti-fascist, Massimo Mila, as their musicologist.[25] In addition, he sought as accountant Vittorio Valletta, who was known to the Fascist regime for his social democratic ideas, membership in Freemasonry, and clandestine connections with exiled anti-fascists in France, including Giuseppe Saragat.[15] Mussolini described Agnelli as too old to be fascist, and he was suspected by the regime of helping the anti-fascist movement Giustizia e Libertà in the 1930s.[25]

Asked whether Agnelli could be considered an anti-fascist, Castronovo said: "No, for him fascism still remained the regime that guaranteed 'effective labour discipline' and with which it was necessary — bon gré, mal gré — to coexist in the interests of one's industry.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Agnelli

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (15 December 1932; Grand Officer: 1 February 1920; Knight: 8 December 1898)

Knight of the Order of Labour (30 May 1907)

Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (6 February 1921)

Inducted into the European Automotive Hall of Fame in 2001.[33]

Inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002.[34]

The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italian: Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world, tracing its lineage to AD 1098, and it is one of the rare orders of knighthood recognized by papal bull, in this case by Pope Gregory XIII.[2] In that bull, Pope Gregory XIII bestowed upon Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and his Savoy successors, the right to confer this knighthood in perpetuity. The Grand Master is Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, also known as the Duke of Savoy, the grandson of the last King of Italy, Umberto II. However, Emanuele Filiberto's cousin twice removed Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta claims to be grand master as his father claimed to be head of the house of Savoy.

The order was formerly awarded by the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) with the heads of the House of Savoy as the Kings of Italy. Originally a chivalric order of noble nature, it was restricted to subjects of noble families with proofs of at least eight noble great-grandparents. The order's military and noble nature was and is still combined with a Roman Catholic character.

After the abolition of the monarchy and the foundation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the legacy of the order is maintained by the pretenders of the House of Savoy and the Italian throne in exile.

The order is estimated to include about 2,000 members around the world, with about 200 in the United States. The Order also has roster consultative status with the United Nations, as part of the U.N.'s ECOSOC.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus

>>22601136

The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

List of Grand Masters

King and Grand Master Charles Felix of Sardinia in ceremonial robe of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1572–1580)

Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1580–1630)

Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1630–1637)

Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (1637–1638)

Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)

Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1675–1731)

Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1732–1773)

Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1773–1796)

Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1796–1802)

Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1802–1824)

Charles Felix of Sardinia (1824–1831)

Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831–1849)

Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1849–1878)

Umberto I of Italy (1878–1900)

Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1900–1946)

Umberto II of Italy (1946–1983)

Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (1983–2024)

Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice (2024–present)

Monarchs

Franz Josef I, Emperor of Austria

Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia

Gojong, Emperor of Korea

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia

Zog I, King of the Albanians

George V, King of the United Kingdom

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar of Shah of Persia

H.M.E.H. Servant of God Fra' Andrew Bertie, Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Maharaja Jagatjit Singh

Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana

Mihailo Obrenović of Serbia

Abbas I, Wāli of Egypt

Military

General of the Armies John Pershing

General of the Army George Marshall

Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch

Field Marshal Francisco Solano López

General Matthew Bunker Ridgway

General François d'Astier de La Vigerie

General Tasker H. Bliss

General Mark W. Clark

General Ira C. Eaker

General Peyton C. March

Admiral Ernesto Burzagli[10]

Surgeon Rear-Admiral Arthur Skey

Major General Ulysses S. Grant III

Major General Mason Patrick[11]

General Sebastiano Visconti Prasca

Rear Admiral Richard Byrd

Brigadier General Billy Mitchell

Naval Captain Emilio Faà di Bruno

Flight Commander Douglas Harries

SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Lammers

Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram

Brigadier General Evan M. Johnson[12]

Brigadier General Walter McCaw[13]

Rear Admiral Charles R. Train[14]

Politics

Diplomat Isaac Artom

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1921

Enrico d’Arienzo, Prefect of Caltanisetta 1925

Henri Jaspar

Charles, 1st Count de Broqueville

Charles Rogier

Edmond, Baron de Sélys Longchamps

President Porfirio Díaz

Dr Hans Frank, 26.9.1936[15]

Minister of foreign affairs Giustino Fortunato[16]

Member of Parliament Cristiana Muscardini

Diplomat Jose Maria Quijano Wallis[17]

Luigi, Count Cibrario

Oswald, Freiherr von Richthofen, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire - August 1902 - during the visit to Germany of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy[18]

President of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and Former St. Louis Mayor David R. Francis[19]

Mayor Rudolph Giuliani of New York City (2001) Cavaliere di Gran Croce (Motu Proprio)[20]

Aldo Oviglio, Minister of Justice (1922–1925)

James Charles Risk of New York City, Cavaliere di Gran Croce,[21] originally inducted by the last reigning King of Italy, Umberto II of Italy

Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister of Italy and Duce of Fascism

Francesco Ruffini, Italian jurist, historian, politician and antifascist.