Here's a list of major U.S. federal departments that are often cited by constitutional scholars (especially strict constructionists) as lacking explicit constitutional authorization under the original text of the U.S. Constitution.
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## βοΈ Federal Departments Commonly Viewed as Unconstitutional (No Explicit Constitutional Authority)
> β οΈ These departments are not mentioned in the Constitution and are often justified only via broad interpretations of clauses like the Commerce Clause or General Welfare Clause.
### π« Often Challenged Departments:
| Department | Year Established | Reason Often Considered Unconstitutional |
|-------|----|--------β|
| Department of Education | 1979 | Education is a power reserved to the states (10th Amendment). |
| Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) | 1980 (from HEW) | Healthcare and welfare traditionally state responsibilities. |
| Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) | 1965 | Housing policy is not enumerated in the Constitution. |
| Department of Energy | 1977 | Energy regulation not mentioned; seen as state/private domain. |
| Department of Labor | 1913 | Labor regulation seen as overreach via Commerce Clause. |
| Department of Agriculture | 1862 | Farming policy and subsidies lack enumerated authority. |
| Department of Transportation | 1966 | Infrastructure and transit often considered local/state issues. |
| Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) | 1989 | Care for veterans not an enumerated federal function. |
| Department of Homeland Security (DHS) | 2002 | Created post-9/11; critics argue it overlaps or duplicates other constitutional agencies. |
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## π Key Constitutional Argument:
> The Tenth Amendment holds that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states.
So any federal role not enumerated in Article I, Section 8 is considered suspect by strict originalists.
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## β Constitutionally Grounded Departments (Generally Accepted)
| Department | Reason Considered Constitutional |
|-------|-------|
| Department of State | Foreign policy = delegated power |
| Department of Defense | National defense = enumerated power |
| Department of Treasury | Coin money, manage debts, taxes |
| Department of Justice (DOJ) | Enforces federal laws passed under enumerated powers |
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