A timing channel-based MAC protocol for energy-efficient nanonetworks☆
Salvatore D’Oro
, Laura Galluccio
, Giacomo Morabito
, Sergio Palazzo
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica ed Informatica, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S187877891500006X
Abstract
In this paper a scheme is proposed that exploits the timing channel, i.e., the logical communication channel in which information is encoded in the timing of transmissions, in nanocommunications. The above scheme is called Timing Channel for Nanonetworks (TCN) and supports low rate communications in an energy efficient and reliable manner. Performance of TCN are analytically evaluated and compared, through numerical examples, to those achieved by traditional communication schemes. Performance results show that TCN outperforms traditional schemes in a wide range of system settings.
Some have heard that the vaccinated give off MAC codes, but their normalcy bias prevents them from assimilating information that falls outside their little box that they have built around themselves…
A small extract:
"Nano communications have attracted a large interest in the last few years, as the technology can push computing pervasiveness much further than what can be envisaged today. In fact, nanomachines have size in the order of several hundreds of cubic nanometers and can also be implanted inside objects and bodies. As a consequence, it is possible to deploy a massive number of devices that can be exploited for a wide range of possible applications, such as health and environmental monitoring, biosensing, drugs and disease detection where nanomachines work as nanosensors and constantly monitor several different parameters, then collected by some sinks
[1].
Furthermore, nanomachines are expected to communicate by means of small antennas whose sizes will range from hundreds to thousands of nanometers. Therefore, due to their limited sizes, such antennas are expected to resonate at really high frequencies. As an example, in the seminal paper on Internet of Nano-Things [1], authors envision the exploitation of modern nanotechnologies that rely upon new materials such as graphene, to provide nano-electromagnetic communications in the Terahertz band. In fact, graphene-based antennas such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene Nanoribbons (GNR) are promising technologies to provide nanocommunications by exploiting pulse-based communications in the range of hundreds of femtoseconds
[2].
Since nanomachines have limited computational, energy and communication capabilities, the amount of information that each node has to transmit is expected to be small and encoded in few bits. This assumption stems from several nanomachines applications [1], [3], [4], like health and environmental monitoring, where sensed data can be encoded with only few bits.
In [1] authors identify some requirements for electromagnetic nanonetworks which can be summarized as follows:
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Energy-Efficiency: nanomachines are expected to be implanted inside bodies or objects and rely upon small energy capabilities. Thus, energy-efficient resource management and communications should be considered. A feasible approach is to reduce transmitting power levels and transmit small packets followed by long silence periods.
•
Communication robustness: traditional carrier sensing approaches cannot be employed as pulse-based communications do not have any carrier. Therefore, novel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols to manage communications between nanomachines have to be considered. Several works in the literature tackle this critical issue by proposing novel MAC protocols [5], [6] which also exploit nanoscale energy-harvesting capabilities to provide energy-efficient and perpetual communications [7], [8]. Furthermore, even though the number of nanomachines is expected to explode in the next years, due to the small transmission range, the number of neighboring interfering nanomachines is small, which reduces the probability that collisions happen. However, to provide robust and reliable communications, efficient collision recovery schemes based on proper acknowledgment mechanisms have to be considered.