TYB
Advancing Interstellar Science: A Global Framework for Comprehensive Study of Interstellar Objects
September 30, 2025
by Omer Eldadi (1), Gershon Tenenbaum (1) and Avi Loeb (2)
Department of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
(White Paper Submitted to the United Nations System)
Summary
The operation of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) marks a transformative moment in humanity’s capacity to detect and characterize interstellar objects (ISOs).
With projections indicating an increase from a few detections per decade to potentially one every few months, humanity stands at the threshold of unprecedented scientific opportunity offering revolutionary insights into the nature of rocky materials, building blocks of life and technological products from other star systems.
This white paper proposes the establishment of the United Nations Committee on Interstellar Objects (UNCIO), a specialized body designed to coordinate global scientific research, maximize observational coverage, and ensure optimal scientific return from these extraordinary objects from outside the solar system through systematic investigation in cosmochemistry, astrobiology, planetary sciences, fundamental physics, advanced technologies and materials science.
The proposed framework addresses critical gaps in our current international infrastructure: the absence of coordinated detection, classification and intercept capabilities, insufficient protocols for rapid scientific response and international policy decisions to time-sensitive observations, and the need for effective science communication to maintain government and public support for these ambitious investigations and global threats to Earth.
Drawing from successful international collaborations in areas such as the International Space Station (ISS) and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), UNCIO would operate through a dual structure: an executive board for time-critical scientific decisions and an expanded committee for comprehensive stakeholder representation.
This initiative is not merely aspirational but urgently practical.
Recent detections of 1I/’Oumuamua (2017), 2I/Borisov (2019), and 3I/ATLAS (2025) have demonstrated the diversity of ISO characteristics, from 1I/’Oumuamua’s unusual acceleration without visible outgassing to Borisov’s comet-like behavior, to 3I/ATLAS unusual size and alignment with the ecliptic plane, highlighting the need for comprehensive multi-messenger observations.
The window for action is narrow — objects pass through our solar system on hyperbolic trajectories, offering limited observation time before they become permanently inaccessible.
Each uninvestigated ISO represents an irretrievable loss of knowledge about stellar nucleosynthesis, protoplanetary disk chemistry, the distribution of organic compounds, and technological relics throughout the galaxy.
Key Recommendations:
a) Immediate establishment of UNCIO under the UN;
b) Development of a global ISO detection and tracking network;
c) Pre-positioned intercept mission capabilities for rapid deployment;
d) Implementation of a comprehensive ISO classification system to assess potential global threats;
e) Creation of dedicated funding mechanisms through member state contributions;
f) Formal adoption of the Loeb Scale (IOSS) as the standardized 0–10 classification system for all ISOs, providing quantitative thresholds from natural phenomena (Levels 0–3) through potential technosignatures (Levels 4–7) to confirmed artificial origin (Levels 8–10);
g) Integration of science communication and public engagement expertise;
h) Establishment of protocols for electromagnetic and physical interaction with ISOs of potentially artificial origin.
While focused on maximizing scientific return from natural ISOs, UNCIO’s comprehensive design ensures readiness for any unexpected discoveries that may emerge from systematic investigation.
huge cont.
https://avi-loeb.medium.com/advancing-interstellar-science-a-global-framework-for-comprehensive-study-of-interstellar-objects-bf4d034af403
Government Shutdown: Guidance for the Air Force and Space Force
Sept. 29, 2025
With a government shutdown looming Oct. 1, the Pentagon released guidance for what defense organizations need to do if Congress fails to pass a spending bill.
The Department of War, using its secondary title recently approved by President Donald Trump, issued the contingency planning document Sept. 27.
The Pentagon can only continue “excepted activities,” defined as those necessary to protect life and property, support the President’s constitutional duties and powers, or necessary to support other authorized activities.
In practical terms, that means:
Active-duty service members must report for duty even if there is a shutdown.
Paychecks will not be issued during a shutdown, but in past events, lawmakers included back-pay for troops in legislation restarting government activities. Backpay is not guaranteed, however.
Some 223,889 DOD civilians are required to report for duty due to the essential nature of their work.
DOD’s 182,684 non-appropriated funds employees must report to work. Their income comes from sources such as fees and surcharges, rather than Congressional funding, and are therefore not subject to the shutdown.
More than 334,000 DOD civilians would be furloughed in the event of a shutdown—slightly less than half the Pentagon’s 741,477 civilian employees. Whether or not they receive backpay when the government reopens will be up to Congress.
A Department of the Air Force spokesperson said it will not issue additional guidance and that the Pentagon directive applies to both the Air Force and Space Force.
The planning guidance lists more than 50 examples of excepted activities, ranging from military operations to recruiting to operating overseas commissaries and child care centers.
It also notes that the list is “not exhaustive, but rather illustrative.”
One major difference in this year’s shutdown guidance compared to previous years is that the administration detailed six departmental priorities this time around. Those include:
Operations to secure the U.S. Southern Border
Middle East operations
Golden Dome for America
Depot Maintenance
Shipbuilding
Critical Munitions
Work will continue on those priorities using available funds—particularly, the money included in the reconciliation bill passed by Congress this summer, the guidance notes. That covers tens of billions of dollars, including billions for the Air Force and Space Force.
Still, a government shutdown would affect the Department of the Air Force in other ways. In addition to Airmen and Guardians having to go without pay, temporary duty travel for troops would be restricted, and permanent change of station moves would be limited.
Some new programs will be blocked from getting started, as they are during a continuing resolution, though Air Force officials could not immediately provide a list of those programs. Delivery of new weapons platforms could also be delayed.
“Yes, essential personnel will still be required to report to work. But they will do so unsure when they will receive their next paycheck. The nation asks much of those who volunteer to risk their lives in defense of America’s national interests.
That shouldn’t include working without a paycheck,” AFA President and CEO retired Lt. Gen. Burt Field wrote in a recent op-ed.
The last partial government shutdown, in 2018-2019, lasted 34 days, but the Pentagon was unaffected that time because Congress had already passed a defense appropriations law.
The last time the U.S. military dealt with a shutdown was in January 2018, though that lasted only two days.
How long this potential shutdown could last is anybody’s guess, but some analysts are predicting a prolonged stalemate as Democrats hold out for concessions and the Republican majority declines to give in.
https://www.airandspaceforces.com/pentagon-planning-guidance-government-shutdown/
https://www.airandspaceforces.com/app/uploads/2025/09/Contingency-Plan-Guidance-for-Shutdown-Sept-2025.pdf
Poland arrests Nord Stream bombing suspect – media
30 Sep, 2025 13:31
The Polish authorities have arrested a Ukrainian diving instructor suspected by Germany of involvement in the September 2022 sabotage of the Nord Stream gas pipelines, the outlet RMF24 reported on Wednesday.
The man, identified by German investigators as Vladimir Z., was detained in the city of Pruszkow and will be transferred to Warsaw for extradition proceedings, according to the report.
His lawyer argued that there are no legal grounds to hand him over to Germany.
Media outlets previously named the suspect as Vladimir Zhuravlyov, one of seven people who reportedly sailed aboard the yacht Andromeda, which German prosecutors have linked to the explosives attack on the undersea pipelines connecting Russia and Germany.
Moscow has accused Germany and its Western partners of blocking Russia’s participation in the investigation and steering the probe in a way that avoids implicating state actors.
The Kremlin said that if the Ukrainian government is confirmed to be the culprit, part of the blame would fall on the administration of former US President Joe Biden for “encouraging” such recklessness.
Germany’s first request for Zhuravlyov’s arrest in Poland in 2024 was allegedly obstructed by Polish officials.
Reports at the time claimed that a vehicle with Ukrainian diplomatic plates helped him flee to Ukraine after he was tipped off.
The Polish newspaper Rzeczpospolita reported last week that Poland considered granting asylum to Zhuravlyov, quoting an official as saying: “Why should we detain him? For us, he’s a hero.”
Last month, Italian police arrested another suspected member of the Ukrainian group – identified by the media as Sergey Kuznetsov, 49 – near Rimini under a European arrest warrant issued by German prosecutors.
https://www.rt.com/news/625647-nord-stream-suspect-poland/
Ukraine plotting false flag in EU – Moscow
30 Sep, 2025 11:41
Kiev is planning a false-flag operation in the EU involving the deployment of a sabotage group to Poland posing as Russian and Belarusian special forces, Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) has said.
Earlier this month, Warsaw claimed that 19 Russian drones had entered the Polish airspace and called the incident a deliberate provocation by Moscow intended to test NATO’s response.
Similar claims of a drone incursion were later made by Romania.
The SVR said in a statement on Tuesday that the drone incursions into the EU were part of continued efforts by Ukraine, which is losing on the battlefield, aimed at “drawing European NATO countries into armed conflict with Moscow.”
“Another provocation is currently being worked out” by the government of Vladimir Zelensky, the statement read.
It would revolve around “a sabotage and reconnaissance group deployed into Polish territory and allegedly consisting of special forces servicemen from Russia and Belarus,” it added.
Members of the unit have already been selected from the ranks of the Freedom of Russia Legion and the Belarusian Kastus Kalinouski Regiment, which have been fighting for Kiev in the Ukraine conflict, the agency said.
According to the scenario being prepared by Ukraine’s military intelligence (GUR) together with Polish spy agencies, after “the ‘detection and neutralization’ of the group by the security forces of Poland, its members are expected to appear before the media and give confessions, implicating Russia and Belarus in attempts to destabilize the situation in Poland,” the SVR stressed.
The belief in Ukraine is that, following the drone incursions, “such an event should leave no doubt in the minds of the Poles and other ordinary Europeans that Moscow and Minsk stand behind all the hostile actions,” it said.
“Kiev expects to prompt European countries to respond to Russia as harshly as possible, preferably in a military manner,” the SVR warned.
Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk claimed on Monday that the Ukraine conflict was “our war” and urged Western Europe to mobilize against Russia.
Speaking at the UN General assembly last week, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stressed that Moscow has no aggressive plans against NATO, but warned that any aggression against the country would be met with “a resolute response.”
https://www.rt.com/news/625635-ukraine-poland-belarus-nato/
Ukraine says Russian drone strike on Dnipro kills 1, injures 20
Update : 30.09.2025
At least one person was killed and 20 others injured in a Russian drone strike on the city of Dnipro, the head of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Military Administration said Tuesday.
Serhiy Lysak said on Telegram that an office building and a car caught fire in the attack, while an apartment block, a dormitory, and a cultural institution were damaged.
Two cars were destroyed and 17 others sustained damage.
“All services are working. They are overcoming the consequences of the enemy strike,” Lysak said.
He claimed that Russian forces also shelled the Pokrovska community in the Nikopol district with heavy artillery later in the evening.
Guided aerial bombs and FPV drones struck the Pokrovska and Mezhivska communities in the Synelnyky district, damaging a private residential building.
Russia has yet to respond to the claims.
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/ukraine-says-russian-drone-strike-on-dnipro-kills-1-injures-20/3703573
https://kyivindependent.com/at-least-12-injured-in-russian-drone-attack-on-dnipro/
Submersible drone found in Palawan
October 1, 2025 | 12:00am
MANILA, Philippines — The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) has taken custody of a suspected underwater drone found by fishermen in the waters off Linapacan town in Palawan on Sunday.
The fishermen brought the drone to the shore and informed local authorities of their find.
The device was transported to the PCG Station Linapacan for verification, technical examination and investigation.
Preliminary inspection showed the drone was equipped with a conductivity-temperature-depth sensor, which is typically used for oceanographic profiling.
The PCG said the sensor bore Chinese characters and the serial number CTD-20090334.
The drone also bore corrosion marks indicating prolonged exposure to saltwater. Its metal frame resembled components commonly found in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV).
The recovery is the latest in a series of similar incidents that have occurred since 2022, with devices recovered in the waters off Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Masbate, Misamis Oriental and Zambales.
Forensic analysis of earlier recoveries linked some units to Chinese defense contractors and state-owned firms, citing components such as China telecom SIM cards, iridium transceivers and battery packs from the China Electronics Technology Group Corp.
Experts noted that such AUVs are capable of conducting advanced seafloor mapping, oceanographic monitoring and underwater surveillance, collecting data on salinity, temperature, depth and acoustic propagation for strategic maritime applications.
PCG chief Admiral Ronnie Gil Gavan commended the fishermen for reporting the find.
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2025/10/01/2476559/submersible-drone-found-palawan
Russia extends ban on gasoline exports amid Ukrainian drone strikes on refineries
30/09/2025
The Russian government has extended its temporary ban on gasoline exports until 31 December 2025, while also introducing restrictions on other fuels, Reuters reported on Tuesday.
Ukrainian drone strikes on oil refineries have begun to erode one of Russia’s key export sectors, forcing Moscow to prioritize domestic supply and address fuel shortages that are spreading across the country.
The ban applies to all exporters, including producers, and now covers diesel, marine fuel, and other gasoils purchased on commodity exchanges. However, direct exports from producers of these fuels remain exempt.
Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak had signaled the measures last week, and the government said it “continues to work to maintain stability in the domestic fuel market.”
Analysts note the restrictions may not drastically affect diesel flows inside Russia, since non-producers already face steep export tariffs.
Still, the strikes have knocked out parts of the country’s refining capacity, weakening its role as the world’s third-largest oil producer after the US and Saudi Arabia.
Fuel shortages are already spreading across Russia’s central and eastern regions, with record-high prices reported.
Gasoline rationing has been introduced in Crimea, where motorists are limited to 30 liters per purchase, alongside a price freeze to contain public anger.
https://euromaidanpress.com/2025/09/30/russia-extends-ban-on-gasoline-exports-amid-ukrainian-drone-strikes-on-refineries/
EU to allocate over $2 billion for drones for Ukraine, von der Leyen says
September 30, 2025 1:42 pm
The European Union will allocate 2 billion euros ($2.3 billion) to drones for Ukraine, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced on Sept. 30 ahead of a meeting of the European Commission's Defense College.
The announcement comes as the EU seeks to bolster its defenses and deepen cooperation with Ukraine in the face of airspace violations by Russia.
European leaders are considering the development of the so-called "drone wall" in response to Russia’s provocations as part of broader efforts to strengthen regional air defense and deter further incursions.
"We have agreed with Ukraine that a total of 2 billion euros will be spent on drones now. This allows Ukraine to scale up and to use its full capacity. And of course, it will also allow the EU to benefit from this technology," von der Leyen said.
Von der Leyen emphasized the need to bolster military support for Ukraine and advance the Eastern Flank Watch initiative, which includes the development of a "drone wall" to secure the EU’s eastern borders.
NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte, who joined von der Leyen at the briefing, echoed her remarks, saying that Ukraine serves as "the first line of defense" for NATO member states in Europe.
"We are helping the Ukrainians, because this is about our values, but also about, indeed, the first line of defense — our collective safety," Rutte said.
Following an incident in which Poland shot down several Russian drones over its territory and invoked Article 4 of the NATO Treaty, Rutte announced on Sept. 12 the launch of Operation Eastern Sentinel, a new defense initiative aimed at countering drone-related threats along the alliance’s eastern flank.
The operation will be conducted in Poland and Romania, with the goal of eliminating specific threats related to the use of drones.
Several European NATO member states and Ukraine also held initial talks in late September on establishing a coordinated "drone wall" to protect countries bordering Russia or Ukraine, as the latter is still facing a full-scale invasion and ongoing Russian aerial attacks.
https://kyivindependent.com/eu-to-allocate-over-2-billion-for-drones-to-ukraine-von-der-leyen-says/
Turkish fishermen discover sea drone with explosives: media suggest it belongs to Ukraine
September 30, 2025 14:48
Last night in Turkey, off the coast of Çarşıbashi, Trabzon province, local fishermen discovered an unknown boat and pulled it ashore.
This was reported in the IHA publication.
The coast guard later arrived at the scene and the ship was towed from the port of Charshibashi to Yoros.
According to preliminary data, the investigation has revealed that the boat may be loaded with explosives and will detonate in the event of a collision.
After that, drone specialists from Istanbul were called to the province.
“The boat is in our port. Our fishermen cannot enter the port; we have closed the port to fishermen and we are suffering because of this. The sapper team is coming.
We are waiting for them. The teams are probably coming from Istanbul. There was a Ukrainian-made bomb inside. It is an unmanned marine device,” said Ismail Yilmaz, president of the Yoros fishing cooperative.
The publication suggests that the unknown vessel may be a Ukrainian naval kamikaze drone from the Magura V5 series, which is used to strike the Russian fleet.
Earlier, Ukrainian naval drones attacked the port of Tuapse in Krasnodar Krai, causing sirens and explosions to sound in the city.
https://prm.ua/en/turkish-fishermen-discover-sea-drone-with-explosives-media-suggest-it-belongs-to-ukraine/
Shanghai police crack down on illegal drones
Updated: 2025-09-30 22:15
As the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival holidays approach, police in Shanghai's downtown Huangpu district announced a crackdown on illegal drone activities to ensure low-altitude safety in the city.
This initiative targets areas across the district, with a focus on bustling commercial zones and popular tourist spots, where unauthorized drone flights have been frequent this year.
The police operation aims to address violations, such as flying drones without proper registration and operating micro, light, and small civilian drones in restricted airspace.
Utilizing intelligent systems, the police will conduct round-the-clock patrols to monitor these activities.
Authorities said that during the upcoming holidays from Oct 1 through Oct 8, areas like tourist attractions and commercial centers will become densely populated, and illegal drone flights pose potential threats to public safety.
From January to early September, Shanghai police handled over 380 cases of illegal drone activities, resulting in administrative penalties for more than 380 individuals and the confiscation of over 110 drones.
The police also increased their efforts in public awareness, broadcasting reminders at popular locations like the Bund, and installing warning signs.
In September, several incidents of illegal drone flights were reported in the Bund scenic area, mostly involving tourists.
On Sept 27, the police swiftly responded to a drone taking off from the rooftop of the Peace Hotel, where they found a foreigner operating the device.
https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202509/30/WS68dbe60fa310f735438b3383.html
https://armyrecognition.com/news/aerospace-news/2025/us-air-force-establishes-permanent-mq-9a-reaper-drone-presence-in-south-korea
US Air Force Establishes Permanent MQ-9A Reaper Drone Presence in South Korea
30 Sep, 2025 - 14:59
The U.S. Air Force activated the 431st Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron at Kunsan Air Base on Sept. 29, 2025, establishing a persistent MQ-9A Reaper presence in South Korea.
The move expands round-the-clock intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and precision-strike capacity on the peninsula, improving deterrence and crisis response.
U.S. Forces Korea has confirmed a permanent MQ-9 Reaper presence at Kunsan Air Base, with the stand-up on September 29, 2025 of the 431st Expeditionary Reconnaissance unit operating the type on Korea’s west coast.
Primary sources for the posture change include 7th Air Force and Kunsan Air Base public affairs items dated September 29-30, 2025, supplemented here by manufacturer data from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems.
That framing matters because it shows both the policy decision and the hardware context.
Operation "Crabe" was launched between January 30 and February 8, 2024, deploying tracked vehicles HT 270 for the first time to combat illegal gold mining (Picture source: US DoD)
The Reaper, designated MQ-9A by the U.S. Air Force, is a medium-altitude, long-endurance aircraft that evolved from the Predator program, adding power, payload, and reliability.
It is a surveillance workhorse that can strike when ordered. Typical loads include AGM-114 Hellfire and 500-lb class guided bombs such as GBU-12 or GBU-38, yet the core of its value remains the sensor suite and the time it can spend on station.
The airframe’s basic numbers help explain why Kunsan is a good fit. GA-ASI lists endurance at over 27 hours for MQ-9A, with the Extended Range kit pushing that to roughly 34 hours, depending on profile.
Cruise performance sits around 240 KTAS, service ceiling up to 50,000 feet. Payload capacity reaches about 3,850 pounds, including roughly 3,000 pounds of external stores across the hardpoints.
Those figures far exceed the older Predator baseline, giving crews room to combine multiple sensors and weapons, or to fly lean with fuel and optics only.
In armed, medium-altitude tasking, crews often plan much shorter on-station windows than the brochure figure, but the headroom is there and it shows in daily ops.
The MQ-9A uses the Honeywell TPE331-10 turboprop with Digital Electronic Engine Control.
That engine choice is mature and efficient at the altitudes where crews tend to loiter, and the aircraft layers a fault-tolerant flight control system with triple-redundant avionics.
It is fewer aborts, steadier sortie rates and predictable maintenance, which is what commanders want when the mission is to watch and wait rather than sprint.
A stabilized electro-optical and infrared turret provides full-motion video and laser designation. The Lynx family synthetic aperture radar adds wide-area search, moving target indication and spot-SAR modes that work through haze and low cloud.
Maritime options exist, including a multi-mode sea surveillance radar and electronic support measures packages. The combination lets Reapers build patterns of life along coasts and ports and then hand off a clean track file to other shooters if needed.
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Weapons employment in Korea stays restrained. Hellfire remains the default because it is precise and contained.
Laser-guided and GPS-guided bombs are standard and well understood by joint terminal attack controllers. The important bit is custody.
Reaper crews can maintain a contact through weather changes using radar and IR, mark it, and either engage or pass coordinates to manned aircraft.
It is a conservative approach that avoids surprises near crowded airspace and maritime boundaries.
Kunsan’s geography does the rest.
From the base, a notional 1,100 km operating radius covers North Korean airfields and missile operating areas, stretches into the Bohai approaches, and touches portions of China’s coast including Qingdao or the Shanghai area if a mission calls for maritime domain awareness.
Launch and recovery can be handled locally, with mission crews at distributed control stations elsewhere, which is standard for the enterprise and reduces the overhead of constant deployment churn.
The practical outcome is more persistent coverage without the spectacle of a surge.
Operationally, a resident unit tightens timelines between detection and decision. Reapers can sit over likely routes during missile test windows, follow coastal traffic that shifts with the season, and capture the small anomalies that often precede incidents.
They also ease pressure on manned assets, freeing fighter and patrol crews for training or contingencies where speed, survivability or heavier payloads are the point.
In a crowded air picture, the MQ-9A can act as a relay for targeting data and communications, knitting together what fighters, P-8s and ground radars are seeing so that commanders share the same story quickly.
The broader context is straightforward. North Korea keeps testing. Chinese naval and coast guard activity in the Yellow Sea has been busier, and not just on paper.
A year ago the MQ-9 appeared at Kunsan for exercises. Now maintenance teams and comms specialists are treating it as a daily presence.
The MQ-9A has been acquired by the U.S. Air Force and several allied services, from the Royal Air Force to France, Italy and Spain, plus U.S. Homeland Security and NASA, which underscores how the type has become a platform rather than a niche solution.
It keeps evolving, and the Extended Range retrofit with wing fuel pods and reinforced gear is a good example. Field retrofits matter in peacetime because they avoid long factory queues and let squadrons grow endurance on the ramp.
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IDF braces for 'twilight days' of Gaza war as US pushes ceasefire plan
September 30, 2025
IDF Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Eyal Zamir toured Gaza on Tuesday, underscoring preparations for what officials call the dangerous “twilight days” of the war, as the country braces for a potential endgame tied to a U.S.-brokered ceasefire plan.
Zamir visited Nahal Brigade commandos in the enclave less than 12 hours after U.S. President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced in Washington a framework for ending the Gaza war.
Military officials said Zamir's visit reflected the army’s heightened readiness for the period leading up to a possible withdrawal, should the deal take effect.
Zamir told senior commanders that Hamas is likely to attempt a last-minute show of strength before any truce takes hold, urging officers to lead from the front and warning troops against complacency.
“The final stretch of this war is critical,” Zamir said, emphasizing constant movement on the battlefield and cautioning against remaining stationary, after the IDF recently foiled a coordinated Hamas assault on two defensive positions.
He also stressed that operations in Gaza would continue as planned in the coming days.
Meanwhile, American officials are pressing Hamas to respond quickly. Trump told reporters before departing the White House that the group has “three to four days" to respond to the proposal, warning that there is "not much" room left for negotiations.
Netanyahu has endorsed the plan, which calls for the release of all Israeli hostages in exchange for 250 Palestinian prisoners and the disarmament of Hamas.
The proposal envisions the destruction of all militant tunnels and infrastructure, overseen by international monitors, to ensure Gaza no longer poses a threat to Israel.
Families of hostages welcomed the joint announcement, calling it a breakthrough. “This is a historic moment,” one group said in a statement.
Hamas, however, signaled strong opposition. A source close to the group told Reuters the plan was “completely biased to Israel” and imposed “impossible conditions,” amounting to what some Hamas leaders described to Sky News Arabia as “a declaration of defeat.”
Consultations within Hamas and other Gaza-based factions are ongoing and could take days, according to AFP. Meanwhile, Qatar confirmed that Turkey would join the mediating team, with a delegation expected to meet Hamas officials Tuesday night.
Israeli commanders, for their part, have instructed forces to exercise maximum caution during ongoing operations to avoid civilian casualties that could hand Hamas a propaganda victory.
Plans for upcoming strikes have been approved but will undergo strict authorization processes, officials said.
https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skwdzwt2xe
https://thedebrief.org/mystery-drone-incursions-in-nato-airspace-spark-europe-wide-concerns-over-hybrid-warfare-threats/
https://www.youtube.com/@RedPandaKoalaBackupChannel
Mystery Drone Incursions in NATO Airspace Spark Europe-Wide Concerns Over “Hybrid Warfare” Threats
September 30, 2025
On September 22, air traffic at Copenhagen Airport came to a standstill when as many as three unidentified drones appeared in its airspace, forcing controllers to shut down Scandinavia’s busiest hub and divert dozens of flights.
What could have initially been seen as an isolated disruption soon emerged as the opening salvo in a surge of recent alleged drone incursions across NATO territory—an escalating security crisis exposing serious gaps in European drone defenses and compelling the alliance to recalibrate its strategy.
In the past week, multiple NATO member states have reported mysterious overflights of military installations, airports, and critical infrastructure, prompting governments to scramble their defenses, question the perpetrators’ motives, and warn that a new, low-level form of hybrid warfare may be unfolding over Europe.
From northern Germany to France’s interior, the pattern has become unmistakable: drones of unknown origin operating with impunity in NATO airspace.
“The number, size, flight patterns, [and] time over the airport. All this together indicates that it is a capable actor,” Police Inspector Jens Jespersen said after the Copenhagen sightings. “Which capable actor, I do not know.”
Following repeated incursions, including near Copenhagen, Oslo, Aalborg, and Billund airports, the Danish government announced a nationwide ban on all civilian drone flights from September 29 through October 3.
The measure coincides with Copenhagen’s preparations to host a summit of European Union leaders on strengthening Europe’s common defense and continued support for Ukraine.
“Denmark will host EU leaders in the coming week, where we will have extra focus on security,” Transport Minister Thomas Danielsen said in a statement. “Therefore, from Monday to Friday, we will close the Danish airspace to all civilian drone flights.”
“In this way, we remove the risk that enemy drones can be confused with legal drones and vice versa,” Danielsen said.
However, Denmark isn’t alone in feeling exposed to this recent unidentified drone threat. In Germany’s northernmost state, Schleswig-Holstein, authorities reported multiple drone sightings on the night of September 26.
“Of course, we in Schleswig-Holstein are also investigating every suspicion of espionage and sabotage in this case and remain very vigilant in this area,” Schleswig-Holstein’s interior minister, Sabine Suetterlin-Waack, told Reuters.
That same day, French authorities reported unauthorized drone activity over the Mourmelon-le-Grand military base. French media reported the incident prompted heightened security at the installation, which houses the 501st Tank Regiment and has previously served as a training ground for Ukrainian troops.
Throughout the week of September 22, unidentified drone incursions were similarly reported flying near critical infrastructure in Sweden, Finland, and Lithuania.
Europe has grown accustomed to mysterious drone incursions in recent years. Since Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, reports of “mystery drones“ appearing near military sites and critical infrastructure have multiplied, surfacing with increasing frequency across the continent.
However, the current wave of sightings is not occurring in isolation. It is unfolding against the backdrop of more audacious incidents earlier in the month.
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In early September, a swarm of Russian drones breached Polish airspace, a move that Warsaw described as a deliberate probing of NATO defenses. These incidents, along with the recent surge in drone incursions, could have significant geopolitical implications.
The incidents prompted Poland to invoke Article 4 of the NATO treaty, triggering alliance consultations, and catalyzed the launch of Operation Eastern Sentry—a NATO mission to bolster the alliance’s eastern flank.
The multinational defense alliance also announced it was bolstering its presence in the Baltic Sea, deploying multi-domain assets, intelligence platforms, and at least one air-defense frigate.
Additionally, Lithuania recently passed legislation allowing its military to shoot down “unmanned drones that enter its airspace unlawfully.“
Despite mounting tensions, NATO has so far refrained from publicly attributing the unidentified drone incursions to any specific actor.
Alliance officials have condemned the incidents and vowed to defend the airspace of member states, but emphasize that making an official accusation requires clear evidence and a consensus.
Individual governments, however, have been less restrained. Polish officials explicitly linked the early-September airspace breach to Russian forces, calling it a “deliberate probe“ of NATO defenses.
In Lithuania, senior lawmakers have echoed that assessment, with parliamentary speaker and former Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis calling for a probe into whether Russia was responsible for incursions in Lithuanian airspace.
In Denmark, both national media and opposition politicians have openly speculated about Russian involvement in the drone incidents. Defense Minister Troels Lund Poulsen described the incursions as a “hybrid attack,“ hinting at Moscow’s possible role without naming it outright.
“Countries or actors have an interest in undermining support for Ukraine,“ Minister Poulsen said at a press conference last week. “It is important that we do not let ourselves be intimidated by that.“
Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen likewise said she could not rule out Russia’s involvement. However, to date, Copenhagen has refrained from making formal accusations against Moscow.
In contrast, Germany has been more forthright in linking past drone incidents to Moscow. Over the past year, German officials have publicly and in background statements to the media accused Russia of orchestrating incursions into German airspace.
Last year, German security sources went as far as alleging that Russia had deployed Orlan-10 reconnaissance drones launched from a civilian shipping vessel in the North Sea.
The claim followed a wave of “mystery drone“ sightings over nuclear power plants, land-based liquefied natural gas terminals, and chemical facilities in the Brunsbüttel area.
These earlier incidents led Germany to enact legislation authorizing its military to shoot down “mystery drones“ operating in national airspace.Yet in the current wave of sightings, Berlin has so far not directly named Moscow as the culprit.
Sudden waves of unidentified drone sightings haven’t been confined to Europe. In late 2024, clusters of “mystery drones“ were repeatedly sighted near military installations in the northeastern United States—particularly around New Jersey—sparking headlines and public speculation.
U.S. officials have publicly downplayed the incidents, rejecting claims they were the work of foreign or malicious actors.
Nevertheless, an investigation by The Debrief found that drone incursions near U.S. airports from January to March had reportedly increased 25.6% compared with the same period in 2024.
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However, unlike Europe, the U.S. has not yet experienced a comparable surge in unexplained drone activity during the recent wave of sightings across NATO countries.
Russia has denied responsibility for the recent drone incidents. “Russia has never had and does not have any such intentions“ [to attack NATO or EU states], Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted at the UN General Assembly last week.
“However, any aggression against my country will be met with a decisive response. There should be no doubt about this among those in NATO and the EU.”
As with previous episodes, the latest wave of drone activity follows a familiar pattern: low-intensity incursions not meant to attack but to observe, probe, and potentially test NATO’s responses.
The ambiguity behind these incidents may be intentional. Probing flights enable the sender not only to observe reactions but also to refine tactics, calibrate response thresholds, and deter escalation by staying below overt war thresholds.
In essence, it’s a stress test of NATO’s readiness and cohesion.
As previously reported by The Debrief, this type of enigmatic hybrid warfare aligns with the Kremlin’s official “Information Security Doctrine,“ a concept of Soviet-era offensive information warfare known as “reflexive control.“
According to Russian military doctrine, reflexive control is described as a “massive psychological manipulation of the population to destabilize the state and society.“ The tactic is intended to steer a foreign populace’s decision-making in ways that advance Russian interests.
Seen through this lens, these waves of drone flights may be designed to provoke anxiety, erode public trust in government protections, and pressure NATO leaders into overreacting or revealing weaknesses in their air-defense systems.
Without firing a shot, such operations can shape narratives, influence policy debates, and test the alliance’s cohesion—all key objectives of the doctrine’s emphasis on psychological manipulation and decision-making control.
Yet, NATO and European leaders have so far held firm in the face of these ongoing drone threats. Last week, EU defense ministers agreed to push ahead with a “drone wall“ initiative.
This integrated, multilayered border network combines radar, artificial intelligence, jamming, and counter-UAV weapons.
The project aims to strengthen Europe’s eastern flank. However, its success will depend on interoperability, funding, and the rapid deployment of effective systems.
Whether the current wave of drone sightings represents a dress rehearsal for something more serious or merely a test of Europe’s resolve remains to be seen.
For now, the pattern of unidentified flights has forced NATO and its partners to confront an uncomfortable reality: the same small, cheap, and deniable systems that have transformed battlefields in Ukraine can also exploit gaps in the alliance’s peacetime defenses.
“The hybrid war is ongoing and all countries in the European Union will experience it,“ Polish Defense Minister Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz told reporters in Warsaw last week.
“The threat from the Russian Federation is serious. We must respond to it in a very radical manner.”
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NATO ready to attack UFOs, France sends fighter jets, Sweden fires at them without results
Sep 29, 2025
Tensions are escalating to unprecedented levels: NATO announces its military preparations to confront unidentified flying objects crossing European airspace.
Amid this scenario, France deploys fighter jets, and Sweden confirms firing at the objects without managing to shoot them down.
In this episode of Interstellar, Jaime Maussan exposes the details of this international crisis, the risks of open confrontation, and what these events mean for humanity if we are truly facing non-human technologies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NClxZIugGLQ
The MOST IMPORTANT UFO NEWS INVESTIGATION from September 22 to 28, 2025 🛸
Sep 28, 2025
In this new Tercer Milenio program with Jaime Maussan, we present the investigation into the most important UFO news that occurred between September 22 and 28, 2025. 🛸🌌
Shocking cases, surprising evidence, and reports that could change our view of life in the universe.
Don't miss this unique analysis where we explore the most relevant facts about the UFO phenomenon worldwide.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgsXUGfObZY
https://x.com/DrStevenGreer/status/1970544403585647063
https://dickrussell.substack.com/p/a-buga-sphere-update
https://dickrussell.substack.com/p/what-remote-viewers-have-seen
Dr. Steven Greer
@DrStevenGreer
Great update from Dick Russell after he spoke with me.
Enjoy the read.
Dick Russell
@DickRussell1
A BUGA SPHERE UPDATE Carbon-dating back to 12,560 years - a conversation with Dr. Steven Greer
10:42 AM · Sep 23, 2025
A BUGA SPHERE UPDATE
CONTINUING TO REVEAL ITSELF: CONVERSATION WITH DR. GREER
Last Sunday, Dr. Steven Greer of the Center for the Study of Extraterrestrial Intelligence announced a startling finding about the mysterious Buga Sphere.
As described in my previous substacks, the basketball-sized object with symbolic markings had landed intact in a field in Colombia after coming in contact with high-tension wires.
Named by its discoverers after the town of Buga, it ended up in the hands of Mexican journalist/ufologist Jaime Maussan, who unveiled the sphere at a press conference in July.
Dr. Greer was then allowed to enlist a certified laboratory with Ph.D. scientists at the University of Georgia’s Center for Applied Isotope Studies.
There they conducted Carbon-14 dating tests on organic resin material that had been lifted from 31 tiny four-millimeter holes where what look to be fiber optic threads are held in place inside the sphere.
The sphere is composed of aluminum alloys, and such dating cannot be done on metal where carbon doesn’t exist. Hence, the resins; dating can be used on anything containing carbon, not just wood.
Natural resins are exuded by plants and trees, and that’s likely where the sphere’s extremely hardened resins originated from.
And that was a very, very long time ago. Whoever or whatever placed these resins inside the sphere did so some 12,560 years ago, plus or minus thirty years (based on a 1950 standard for Carbon-14 dating.)
This means the resin dates back to the Younger Dryas geologic era on earth, a time of dramatic cooling as well as warming that some hypothesize resulted from the impact of a disintegrating comet or asteroid.
According to Plato, the ending of that period marked the moment the continent of Atlantis sank beneath the sea. We’ve no idea, of course, if this relates to the Buga Sphere, but the resin’s age predates the Egyptian pyramids, Sumer, even Gobekli Tepi.
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I spoke with Dr. Greer about the university’s findings, and he offered this caveat: “The resin is that old, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that the Buga Sphere is the same age.
Theoretically, whoever ran or had the Sphere may have needed to replace part of that resin periodically. So for all we know, the Buga Sphere is even older.
But assuming it was all made at the same time, it’s around 12,560 years ago. “
Other laboratory tests are ongoing. Dr. Greer says these include analysis of the tiny hair-like filaments woven into the metal and in the resin that appears to be part of a fiber optic type of system.
A separate lab is conducting chemical analysis of the resin to determine its exact composition.
Something else has recently occurred with the object. It’s emitted a second electrical pulse, in a repeating pattern that could suggest deliberate communication from an unknown source.
According to Dr. Greer, “electromagnetic energy is coming out of the sphere, but we don’t know if that’s just because it got so damaged [in coming to the ground] that whatever energy or propulsion system it has is just sputtering along.
We do know that it’s anti-gravitic and there’s no fuel source and no radioactivity, so it has some sort of quite exotic energy and propulsion system.”
There has also been speculation that the sphere’s great-circle exterior engravings bear a resonance to the glyph system found in ancient Olmec patterns.
Quantum-enhanced AI analysis has pointed to a shared symbolic architecture across distances and centuries, a kind of “spherical grammar.”
Again, however, Dr. Greer expresses caution about jumping to conclusions. “That’s not my area of expertise, but I know that most of us who saw it felt that those symbols were done by hand after the Buga Sphere was made.
The rest of the object is very high tech. The question is, were those symbols put on it by the people or beings who made it, or were they later put on by others to whom these were meaningful to that culture?”
Obviously, many questions remain unanswered. Gamma ray testing underway may determine whether the Sphere is from earth or from elsewhere. Beyond the Carbon-14 dating surprise, the Buga Sphere’s anomalies are remarkable.
Why did an invisible energy suck all the water out of the grass and soil where it came down? Why did it respond with an initial pulse to the human chanting of Vedic mantras?
Why did it never change in volume but increase its weight multiple times after coming into our domain?
To be continued….
Tests are still pending on the chemical composition of the resin as well as the exact alloy of the sphere’s metal
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Ivan Hannel, Esq.
@ivanhannelesq
Mike X issues a challenge to AARO's Tim Phillips to a public debate! Truth or dare, Tim? #ufoX @DoD_AARO
11:10 AM · Sep 28, 2025
https://x.com/EricBurlison/status/1972821273681240478
https://x.com/DickRussell1/status/1970526363598877052
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi_WYOjt6gQ (The Civilian Whistleblower returns from obscurity to call out AARO's Tim Phillips - Psicoactivo #628 Sep 29, 2025)