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The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) conducted numerous military campaigns, most notably against the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor, alongside internal expansion and defense. Major invasions, led by figures like Harun al-Rashid, targeted Byzantine territory to secure frontiers, such as in 782 and the massive 806 campaign. These operations often served as, or were framed as, jihad to assert dominance, resulting in tribute payments from Byzantium