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According to the Mishnah, the ceremony of the sacrifice and burning of the red heifer took place on the Mount of Olives. A ritually pure kohen slaughtered the heifer and sprinkled its blood in the direction of the Temple seven times. The red heifer was then burned on a pyre, together with wool dyed scarlet, hyssop, and cedarwood to ashes. The site on the Mount of Olives has been tentatively located by archaeologist Yonatan Adler.[5]
Color of the heifer
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The heifer's color is described in the Torah as adumah (ืืืืืโ), which is "red". However, Saadia Gaon translates this word as Judeo-Arabic: , romanized: safra, a word translated to English as "yellow".[6] In addition, the Quran shows Moses being told about a yellow heifer (Al-Baqara 2:69).
To explain this discrepancy, Yosef Qafih in his Hebrew translation and commentary on Saadia's work, argues that this is the normal color of a heifer. He explains the Biblical requirement to mean that the heifer must be entirely of one color, without blotches or blemishes of a different color.[7]
Ibn Kathir explains that, according to Ibn Abbas and Ubayda ibn al-Harith, it displayed the doubtful questioning of the Israelites, who asked multiple questions to Moses without readily following any law from Allah; had they slaughtered a heifer, any heifer, it would have been sufficient for them - but instead, as they made the matter more specified, Allah made it even more specified for them.[11]
Christian mysticism
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The non-canonical Epistle of Barnabas (8:1) explicitly equates the red heifer with Jesus. In the New Testament, the phrases "without the gate" (Hebrews 13:12) and "without the camp" (Numbers 19:3, Hebrews 13:13) have been taken to be not only an identification of Jesus with the red heifer, but an indication as to the location of his crucifixion and death in Calvary.[12]
In scholarly discussions on the typology of the red heifer in Christian theology, Melbourne O'Banion explores this symbolism in his article "The Law of the Red Heifer: A Type and Shadow of Jesus Christ". O'Banion highlights how the ritual of the red heifer, as described in Numbers 19, serves as a foreshadowing of Jesus Christ's ultimate, once-for-all sacrifice. He draws parallels between the red heifer's requirement of being "without defect or blemish," its unique role in temple purification, and its sacrifice outside the camp, with Jesus' sinless nature, His atoning death, and His crucifixion outside Jerusalem (Hebrews 13:11โ12). O'Banion argues that the red heiferโs ashes, used to cleanse defilement from death, prefigure Christ's power to purify believers from spiritual death through His sacrifice.[13]