As a Christian I know the Roman Catholics had been poisoning the people of Nigeria.
Keebeck Jesuits fran the massacre in Rwanda and invited the victims into churches then called in the mass murdewrers, Canada has many of these mass murderers from Rwanda for when the Jesuits attack the last few Non Roman Catholic Christians.
Keebeck Jesuits ran the massacre in Rwanda and invited the victims into churches then called in the mass murderers, Canada has many of these mass murderers from Rwanda for when the Jesuits attack the last few Non Roman Catholic Christians.
Keebeck Jesuits are the most evil of all the Jesuits
The two political parties are a Jesuit run you have a choice psyop.
The Medical system is a Jesuit murder and poisoning of Non Roman Catholic Christians.
Roman Catholics pretend to be Saints and Nuns and are all Witches with Poison for everyone not a Roman Catholic.
>>24693319
Attacks on America are run from Keebeck, why Carney buys awax type planes from Sweden.
Refreash your target list for two weeks.
Witch of Rome Orsini.
>The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (OSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the House of Savoy, formally established on 16 September 1572 through the merger of the Order of Saint Maurice (founded 1434) and the medieval Order of Saint Lazarus (founded c. 1119). Recognized by Pope Gregory XIII via papal bull, it is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world and was the primary state award for military and civilian merit in the Kingdom of Italy until the monarchy's abolition in 1946.
Today, the order continues as a private dynastic institution with approximately 2,000 to 3,000 members globally, focusing on philanthropy and solidarity. Its current leadership is disputed: Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta both claim the role of Grand Master, while Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples is also recognized by some sources as the Grand Master. The order’s insignia combines the white cross of Saint Maurice with the green Maltese cross of Saint Lazarus.
Key Details
Eligibility: Open to both military and civilian recipients for distinguished merits.
Grades: Includes Knight, Officer, Commander, Grand Officer, and Grand Cordon (with specific classes for Dames).
Motto: "FERT" (Fortitudo Eius Rhodum Tulit; By his bravery he conquered Rhodes).
Status: Currently constituted and active, though not officially recognized by the modern Italian Republic.
>>24693344
>>24693340
The title of Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus is currently disputed between two primary claimants following the death of Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples in February 2024:
Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice: The son of the late Vittorio Emanuele, he claims the title as the heir of the senior line of the House of Savoy. He is recognized by many international bodies and serves as the Chairman of the Order's Council. His claim rests on direct male-line descent from the last reigning king, Umberto II.
Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta: The head of the Aosta cadet branch, he claims the title based on the argument that his father, Prince Amedeo, was the rightful head of the house because Vittorio Emanuele's marriage (and thus Emanuele Filiberto's birth) lacked the required royal consent under historic dynastic laws. Aimone asserts that the senior line forfeited its rights in 1971.
While Vittorio Emanuele served as Grand Master from 1983 until his death in 2024, the succession is now contested. Some traditionalist factions and the International Commission for Orders of Chivalry have historically recognized the senior line (Emanuele Filiberto), whereas supporters of the Aosta branch argue the headship passed to them in 2006 (upon Amedeo's declaration) or 2021 (upon Amedeo's death). The dispute remains unresolved, with both princes acting as Grand Masters for their respective factions.
The dispute over the Grand Mastership stems from the House of Savoy’s dynastic laws requiring prior royal consent for a prince’s marriage to be valid for succession purposes. The specific legal conflict centers on the 1971 marriage of Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples to Marina Doria:
The Core Legal Conflict
Requirement of Royal Consent: Under the historic statutes of the House of Savoy, any dynast (member of the royal family with succession rights) must obtain the express permission of the Head of the House (then King Umberto II) before marrying. Failure to do so results in the automatic forfeiture of dynastic rights for the prince and his descendants.
The 1971 Violation: Vittorio Emanuele married Marina Doria in a civil ceremony in Las Vegas (1970) and a religious ceremony in Tehran (1971) without obtaining his father King Umberto II's consent. Umberto II had explicitly warned his son that marrying without consent—especially to a spouse considered unequal in rank—would result in the loss of his succession rights.
The "Act of Seitz" (1971): Following the unauthorized marriage, King Umberto II reportedly issued a declaration (often referred to as the "Act of Seitz" or similar informal designation in royalist circles) confirming that Vittorio Emanuele had forfeited his rights. While no formal public decree was widely published at the time, private correspondence and later statements by Umberto II affirmed this position.
The Competing Interpretations
The Aosta Claim: Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (and now his son Prince Aimone) argues that the lack of consent automatically excluded Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto from the succession in 1971. Therefore, the headship of the House (and the Grand Mastership of the Order) passed to the next eligible male in the senior line, which was Prince Amedeo. They cite the strict application of the dynastic laws as interpreted by King Umberto II himself.
The Naples Claim: Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto argue that the forfeiture was never formally enacted via a specific royal decree motu proprio (by the king's own will) as required by some interpretations of the statutes. They point to the fact that Umberto II eventually maintained contact with his son and that Vittorio Emanuele was widely treated as the heir by the Italian government and international bodies after Umberto's death in 1983. They contend that any forfeiture was either waived or never legally finalized.
The dispute remains unresolved because the House of Savoy no longer holds sovereign power, meaning there is no supreme legal authority to definitively interpret or enforce its internal dynastic laws. Consequently, different factions of royalists, chivalric organizations, and family members support either the senior line (Naples) based on de facto recognition or the Aosta branch based on strict adherence to the 1971 forfeiture.
The current succession rules of the House of Savoy are a hybrid of historic Salic Law and modern amendments enacted by the family to adapt to contemporary norms, though their legal binding force is internal and symbolic given the abolition of the Italian monarchy.
Core Principles
Male-Preference Primogeniture (Historically): Traditionally, the House followed strict Salic Law, allowing only males to inherit the headship and throne. This excluded females entirely from the line of succession.
2006/2017 Reform (Gender Equality): In a significant shift, Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (and later supported by Emanuele Filiberto) abolished the Salic Law restriction. This reform, finalized around 2017, allows for female succession in the absence of male heirs or by direct designation. This change paved the way for Princess Vittoria, daughter of Emanuele Filiberto, to become the heir apparent.
Royal Consent for Marriage: A central and contentious rule remains the requirement for prior royal consent for the marriage of any dynast. Under historic statutes (cited from letters patent of 1780/1782 and the Italian Civil Code), a marriage contracted without the Head of the House's approval results in the forfeiture of succession rights for the prince and his descendants. This rule is the primary legal basis for the Aosta branch's claim, arguing that Vittorio Emanuele’s 1971 marriage without consent invalidated his line.
Current Application and Dispute
The Naples Line (Emanuele Filiberto/Vittoria): Operates under the reformed statutes where Princess Vittoria is the designated heir. Emanuele Filiberto has publicly stated his intention to renounce his claim in favor of his daughter when she is ready, citing the need for modern leadership. They argue that the forfeiture of 1971 was either waived by King Umberto II’s subsequent behavior or never formally decreed.
The Aosta Line (Prince Aimone): Adheres to the strict interpretation of the historic statutes, maintaining that the royal consent rule was violated in 1971, thereby excluding the Naples line entirely. Consequently, they view the headship as having passed to Prince Amedeo (d. 2021) and now to Prince Aimone, rendering the 2017 gender reform irrelevant to their claim since they consider the senior line already extinct in terms of rights.
The "rules" are therefore bifurcated: the senior line follows a modernized, gender-neutral primogeniture, while the cadet Aosta line insists on the strict, traditional application of dynastic law regarding marriage consent.
The Italian Republic maintains a stance of strict neutrality and non-recognition regarding the House of Savoy succession dispute. As a democratic state founded in 1946, Italy does not legally acknowledge any "Head of the House" or dynastic rights, viewing the matter as a private family disagreement with no official standing.
Official Government Position
Non-Intervention: The Italian government has never intervened to arbitrate between Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta. State institutions, including the Presidency and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, do not recognize either claimant as having any public or legal authority.
Constitutional Context: The Constitution explicitly abolished the monarchy and barred male descendants of the House of Savoy from entering Italy (a ban lifted only in 2002). While the family can now reside in Italy, the Republic recognizes neither noble titles nor dynastic orders as state institutions. The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, for instance, is considered a private entity; its bestowal is "suppressed" within Italy, meaning it carries no official precedence or state recognition, though wearing historical decorations is permitted.
Legal Irrelevance: Under Italian law, noble titles are not recognized and function merely as part of a surname if granted before 1922. Consequently, the legal arguments regarding "royal consent" and "forfeiture" that drive the dispute have no weight in Italian courts, which view the House of Savoy’s internal statutes as private rules without public legal effect.
Political and Public Sentiment
Monarchist Factions: Private organizations, such as the Italian Monarchist Union and the Council of the Senators of the Kingdom, have historically taken sides. The Council notably recognized Prince Amedeo (Aimone’s father) as the legitimate head in 2006, supporting the Aosta claim based on strict dynastic law. Conversely, other groups and international bodies have often treated the senior line (Vittorio Emanuele and later Emanuele Filiberto) as the de facto representatives due to their visibility and media presence.
Public Indifference: For the vast majority of Italians and the political mainstream, the dispute is viewed as a historical curiosity or a matter of gossip rather than a serious political issue. The scandalous reputation of Vittorio Emanuele (involving legal troubles and the 1978 shooting incident) further diminished public sympathy for the senior line, while the Aosta branch has generally maintained a lower, more discreet profile.
In summary, Italy views the succession dispute as an internal private matter of a former royal family, granting no official legitimacy to either claimant and affording no legal status to their competing titles or orders.
The European Union holds no official position on the House of Savoy succession dispute, viewing it strictly as a private dynastic matter with no political or legal relevance to the EU institutions.
Key Aspects of the EU Stance
Non-Recognition of Dynastic Claims: As a republican union of states, the EU does not recognize royal titles, dynastic rights, or the concept of a "Head of a Royal House." The dispute between Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta is considered irrelevant to EU law, policy, or diplomacy.
Status of Dynastic Orders: The EU distinguishes between state orders (official honors of member states) and private dynastic orders. The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus is treated as a private organization. While individual members may wear its insignia, it holds no official standing within EU protocol, unlike the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which maintains observer status at the UN and specific diplomatic relations with some EU states due to its unique sovereign entity status (though not an EU member itself).
National Jurisdiction: The EU defers entirely to the laws of individual member states regarding nobility. Since Italy (the primary state associated with the House of Savoy) does not recognize noble titles or the legal validity of dynastic statutes (per its Constitution), the EU effectively aligns with this non-recognition. The internal "laws" of the House of Savoy regarding succession have no force in any EU court.
Indirect Recognition via Private Bodies
While the EU itself is neutral, private scholarly bodies based in Europe, such as the International Commission for Orders of Chivalry (ICOC) (headquartered in Milan), do evaluate the legitimacy of such orders. The ICOC has historically listed the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus as a legitimate dynastic order, but its reports often reflect the complexity of the succession dispute without taking an official "EU" stance. The Commission's role is academic, not political, and it operates independently of EU institutions.
In essence, the dispute remains a genealogical and historical debate confined to royalist circles, holding zero weight in Brussels or within the framework of the European Union.
Italy handles noble titles through a framework of constitutional non-recognition established in 1948, rendering them legally irrelevant as titles of rank while allowing specific historical elements to survive as part of a surname.
Constitutional Prohibition
The core legal stance is defined by Article XIV of the Transitional and Final Provisions of the Italian Constitution, which states: "Titles of nobility shall not be recognised" (I titoli nobiliari non sono riconosciuti). This provision abolished the legal effects, privileges, and state validation of all noble titles upon the Republic's founding. Consequently, titles such as "Prince," "Duke," or "Count" hold no legal status in Italy today; they cannot be used in official documents to denote rank, nor does the state grant new titles. The state body formerly responsible for regulating these matters, the Consulta Araldica, was dissolved in 1948.
The "Predicate" Exception (Surname Integration)
While the titles themselves are unrecognized, the Constitution allows for a specific exception regarding predicates (territorial designations or nobiliary particles like di, da, della). Predicates attached to titles that existed before 28 October 1922 (the date of the March on Rome) may be incorporated into an individual's legal surname.
Legal Mechanism: This is not automatic; it requires judicial approval or administrative verification to confirm the predicate was validly associated with the family prior to the 1922 cutoff.
Result: A person legally becomes "John di Somewhere" rather than "John, Duke of Somewhere." In this form, the predicate is protected under the Italian Civil Code as part of the family name, but the title "Duke" attached to it remains a social courtesy with no legal weight.
Private Usage and Protection
The non-recognition of titles does not equate to a ban on their private use. Italians are free to use noble titles socially, in private correspondence, or within specific organizations, provided they do not claim official state status or attempt to defraud others.
No Criminal Offense: Using a noble title is not a crime, provided it is not used to impersonate a public official or commit fraud. The courts have ruled that while the state does not protect the title, it does not prohibit its courtesy use.
Private Verification: In the absence of a state heraldic authority, private bodies like the Corpo della Nobiltà Italiana (founded in 1957) act as voluntary associations to verify genealogical claims and maintain records (such as the Libro d'Oro), though their findings have no binding legal force on the state.
Dynastic Orders
Similarly, dynastic orders of the former House of Savoy (like the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus) are considered private entities. Their bestowal is "suppressed" within Italy, meaning they confer no official precedence or state recognition. However, individuals are permitted to wear decorations conferred prior to 1951, and the use of such insignia is tolerated as long as it does not imply official state endorsement.
>>24693396
Foreigners cannot use noble titles (e.g., "Prince," "Duke") as legal titles in Italian official documents.
Under Article 14 of the Transitional Provisions of the Italian Constitution, noble titles are not recognized by the Republic, regardless of the holder's nationality. While foreign titles may be valid in the country of origin, Italian law treats them strictly as part of the surname only if they include a predicate (a territorial designation like "di" or "da") that was legally attached to the name before October 28, 1922.
Passports and ID Cards: A foreigner’s Italian residence permit (permesso di soggiorno) or identity card will list their legal name as recognized by their home country. However, if the title itself (e.g., "Prince") is not an integral part of the legal surname in the home country's passport, Italian authorities will not add it. If the foreign passport lists the title as part of the name (e.g., "Prince John Smith"), it may appear on Italian documents purely as a transcription of the foreign legal name, not as a recognized Italian title.
The "Predicate" Rule: Even for foreigners, only the territorial predicate (e.g., "di Monaco") can be legally protected as part of the surname in Italy, provided it meets the 1922 cutoff. The rank title (e.g., "Prince") remains a social courtesy with no legal standing.
Recent Jurisprudence: A 2025 ruling by the Corte di Cassazione (Italy's Supreme Court) reaffirmed that notarial acts or private claims cannot generate legal recognition of noble status for anyone, Italian or foreign. The Court emphasized that the Constitution’s non-recognition applies universally within Italian jurisdiction, stripping titles of public law effects while allowing their private social use.
In summary, while a foreigner may socially use their title, Italian official documents will only reflect it if it is legally embedded in their foreign passport's surname field; otherwise, the title is ignored in favor of the civil name.
>>24693402
The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus originates from the merger of two distinct medieval orders, unified under the House of Savoy in the 16th century:
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The Order of Saint Maurice (1434)
Founded on 13 February 1434 by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (later Antipope Felix V), this order began as a contemplative "noble society" of ordained noblemen residing at the Castle of Ripaille near Lake Geneva. Named after Saint Maurice of the Theban Legion, it was originally a military order that declined over time before being revitalized in 1572 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Duke of Savoy to serve as a defensive force against Protestantism and Ottoman expansion.
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The Order of Saint Lazarus (c. 1119)
Tracing its roots to c. 1119 in Jerusalem, this was a Catholic military and hospitaller order established by Crusaders to care for lepers. Unique among military orders, many of its knights were themselves afflicted with leprosy. The order operated hospitals and fought in key Crusades, including the Siege of Acre. By the 16th century, its Italian commanderies were struggling following the death of their Grand Master.
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The Merger (1572)
The modern order was formally created on 16 September 1572 (confirmed by a second bull on 13 November 1572) when Pope Gregory XIII issued the papal bulls Christiani Populi and Pro Commissa Nobis. These bulls merged the Italian branch of the Order of Saint Lazarus with the Order of Saint Maurice under the perpetual sovereignty of the House of Savoy. Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, became the first Grand Master of the combined entity.
The merger combined the military zeal of Saint Maurice with the hospitaller charity of Saint Lazarus. The new order was tasked with defending the Holy See, fighting pirates and heretics, and continuing the care of lepers, eventually evolving into the primary state decoration of the Kingdom of Italy.