Illicit massage businesses, commonly known as “massage parlors,” have been ubiquitous in the
American landscape for decades. Today, new research finds an estimated 9,000-plus of these
businesses are operating in every state in the country, with earnings totaling nearly $2.5 billion a
year across the industry.1
These businesses dot the sides of highways and are tucked into suburban
strip malls between fast food restaurants and dollar stores and behind darkened windows in
storefronts in some of America’s biggest cities. There may be women who choose to sell sex either
along with or under the guise of massage therapy, but evidence suggests that behind these bland
facades, many of the thousands of women engaging in commercial sex in illicit massage parlors
are victims of human trafficking. And for the most part, thanks to corporate secrecy, their traffickers
cannot be traced.
About massage parlor trafficking
Contrary to popular portrayals, human trafficking does not always or even often involve force or the
threat of force.
To be considered sex trafficking in any venue, a situation must include one of the following:
• Force: Violence or the threat of violence
• Fraud: Such as deceitful recruitment practices or fraudulent debt accumulation
• Coercion: Including emotional manipulation, document confiscation, or threats using
legal processes like deportation
Labor trafficking is defined as force, restraint, threats of harm, abuse or threatened abuse of the
legal system, or any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the person to believe that if they
did not perform labor, they would suffer serious harm or restraint.2
The victims of massage parlor trafficking in the United States almost all:
• Recently arrived from China or South Korea
• Carry debts or are otherwise under extreme financial pressure
• Speak little or no English
• Have no more than a high school education
• Are mothers in their mid 30s to late 50s
Force is rarely an element of massage parlor trafficking. Instead, victims are controlled by traffickers
through a complex mixture of cultural manipulation, fraud, and coercion. Key among these are
telling the women that the police are in the pockets of the traffickers and will simply arrest them,
that the rest of society views the women as worthless, and that they have no real options but to stay
at the massage parlor and do what the traffickers say.
1 Keyhan, Rochelle et al, “Trafficking in Illicit Massage Businesses.” Polaris, (January 17, 2018)
2 U.S. Code Chapt. 77 Peonage, Slavery and Trafficking in Persons. http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@
title18/part1/chapter77&edition=prelim