could you repeat that for us
Title: Princess Eugenie of York
Full Name: Eugenie Victoria Helena
Father: Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Mother: Sarah, Duchess of York
Relation to Elizabeth II: Granddaughter
Born: March 23, 1990 at Portland Hospital, London
Current Age: 28 years, 6 months, and 22 days
Married: Jack Brooksbank on October 12, 2018 at St. George's Chapel, Windsor
Princess Eugenie is the second daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York and Sarah, Duchess of York. She was born at the Portland Hospital in London on 23 March 1990, and christened on 23 December 1990 at Sandringham,.
At the age of 12 she underwent back surgery to correct scoliosis but made a full recovery. Like her sister she attended Cosworth Park School in Surrey, and from 2003 she attended Marlborough College, Wiltshire, where she was a boarder. Having completed A level exams in 2008, she travelled during a gap year in the Far East. In 2012 she completed a 3 year course at Newcastle University studying English literature, history of art and politics.
In 2013 she moved to New York to work for an online auction firm as a benefit auctions manager. In July 2015, she moved back to London to work for the Hauser & Wirth art gallery as an associate director. She supports charities include the Elephant Family, the Teenage Cancer Trust, the Coronet Theatre and the European School of Osteopathy. In 2018 she spoke at the UN in her capacity as director of the Anti-Slavery Collective.
On12th October 2018 she married her long term partner Jack Brooksbank. The wedding took place in St George's Chapel, Windsor. After marriage she keeps her royal title and has the option to take his surname. Mr Brooksbank was educated at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire. He works in the hospitality industry where he has managed various nightclubs and promoted a brand of tequila.
Title: Princess Beatrice of York
Full Name: Beatrice Elizabeth Mary
Father: Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Mother: Sarah, Duchess of York
Relation to Elizabeth II: Granddaughter
Born: August 8, 1988 at Portland Hospital, London
Current Age: 30 years, 2 months, and 5 days
Princess Beatrice is the eldest daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York and Sarah, Duchess of York. She was born at the Portland Hospital in London on 8 August 1988. She was named after Princess Beatrice the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was educated at Coweth Park School in Surrey and St George’s School, Ascot, but suffered from dyslexia and delayed sitting her GCSE exams. She was Head Girl in her final year 2006/2007 at St George’s School.
Her parents separated in 1992 and divorced in 1996 when she was 8 years old, but she is close to both her parents and is regularly seen with one or both of them. She attends royal events and undertaken work with charities. It was reported at the time that she was considering continuing her education in the United States, and had plans to start a fashion business. In May 2008 she was a volunteer sales clerk in Selfridges. She appeared in a small cameo role in 'The Young Victoria' a film about her great-great-great-great grandmother, Queen Victoria. In September 2008 she started a three year course studying for a BA in History and History of Ideas at Goldsmiths College, London. She graduated in 2011 with a 2:1 degree.
In April 2010, to raise money for the charity Children in Crisis, she became the first member of the Royal Family to complete the London Marathon. In 2012 she spent year with a London investment firm and 2015 and completed a finance course at a university in San Francisco.
Impact of Europe's Royal Inbreeding: Part II
British Royals: House of Kissing Cousins
Henry VIII
Henry VIII decreed cousin
marriages legal
A "cousin marriage" is the wedding of 2 people related by blood through an earlier generation. Throughout history, cousin-to-cousin marriages have been an essential means of maintaining stability among royal classes. By marrying their own, most royals believed they were binding their ties to the next generation. Today, cousin marriages are typically shunned by modern society for 2 reasons: the possibility of genetic repercussions and the threat of incest laws. The concern lies in the fact that people related by blood have a higher chance of possessing recessive genes for inherited illnesses such as birth defects and severe deformities. If both parents possess a recessive gene, there is a much greater risk of them passing it on to their children.
Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria was a carrier for hemophilia
Henry VIII's Decree
Since Roman times, there has been great disapproval of these types of royal marriages. In fact, the marriage between Emperor Claudius and his niece Agrippina in the year 49 AD was regarded as a disgrace. Almost 1500 years later, the situation in England was quite different. Henry VIII, born in 1491, was the second son of King Henry VII. As the second monarch of the House of Tudor, he is best known for breaking from Rome, establishing the Church of England, and starting the Reformation. Henry VIII is also known for having 6 wives and decreeing cousin marriages legal. Since its inception during Henry's reign as King of England, the Anglican Communion (an international association of churches) has allowed cousin marriages.
Heinrich Prussia
Prince Heinrich died at the age of 4
https://www.medicalbag.com/grey-matter/part-ii-british-royals-house-of-kissing-cousins/article/472430/
House of Hanover
Royal cousin-to-cousin marriages were often arranged to retain titles and exclude others from claiming a family's power. Any time a woman became monarch or a king had only daughters, she or he would be the last ruler of their royal family, or house. While Henry VIII was from the Tudor House, Queen Victoria was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover, a family more notorious than most for their inter-marrying.
If a child's parents are closely related, the odds that they will be dealt unhealthy genes are greatly increased. Newborns inherit one set of genes from their father and another set of genes from their mother. Some genes will inevitably be defective, but odds are that a second, healthy set will replace those genes that are unhealthy. When parents are close relatives, they already share many of the same defective genes. The passing down of 2 sets of "problem genes" to a child can lead to genetic defects such as those found in Charles II.
Prince Leopold
Prince Leopold was Queen Victoria's son
From 1680 to 1840, the House of Hanover Married as Follows:
1682: King George I married his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea
1705: King George II married his third cousin, Caroline
1761: King George III married his second cousin, Charlotte
1795: King George IV married his first cousin, Caroline
1818: King William IV married his third cousin, Adelaide
1840: Queen Victoria married her first cousin, Albert, and the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha begins
House of Saxe-Coburg and Hemophilia
Queen Victoria, born in 1819, was the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, and Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg. At 18, she succeeded her uncle, William IV, and in 1840 she married her first cousin. Over the next 2 decades, Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha had 9 children who mostly married into European monarchies. Today, the descendants of Queen Victoria can be found in the royal families of Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Greece, and Spain.
Infante Alfonso
Infante Alfonso was 31 years old when he died
Victoria's reign spanned the 19th century, but her great affliction was that she carried the gene for hemophilia, a blood-clotting disease caused by a defective X chromosome. The only way a woman can suffer from hemophilia is to acquire the defective gene from both her parents. The most likely reason for this to happen would be for her parents to be related to each other. Victoria passed the hemophilia gene to her son, Leopold, and to some of her daughters, who, in turn, passed the disease to their children. What has happened to Queen Victoria's descendants since is well documented.
Cousin Marriages Have Taken Their Toll on Victoria's Descendants
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany: Queen Victoria's son—died at the age of 31 after a brain hemorrhage caused by a fall
Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine: Queen Victoria's 2.5-year-old grandson—died of a cerebral hemorrhage from a fall out of a window because his body could not stop bleeding internally
Prince Waldemar of Prussia:Queen Victoria's great-grandson—died in 1945 while awaiting a blood transfusion during World War II
Lord Leopold Mountbatten: Queen Victoria's great-grandson—died on the operating table during hip surgery at the age of 32
Prince Heinrich of Prussia: Great-grandson of Queen Victoria through his mother and father—died at the age of 4 following a fall
Infante Alfonso and Gonzalo of Spain: Queen Victoria's great-grandsons—both died after car accidents they could have survived had they not had hemophilia; Alfonso was 31 and Gonzalo was 19
Impact of Royal Inbreeding:
This installment of the Royal Inbreeding series travels away from Europe to the deserts of ancient Egypt when the pharaohs ruled the land. For more than 3000 years, the pharaoh was the political and religious leader in ancient Egypt. He or she held the titles "Lord of the Two Lands" and "High Priest of Every Temple" and was considered a god on earth. From Narmer to Cleopatra, the pharaohs owned all the land of Egypt, collected taxes, declared war, and defended the country. And like many of their European counterparts, inbreeding to keep their bloodlines pure was not an uncommon practice.
The ancient Egyptian royal families were almost expected to marry within the family, as inbreeding was present in virtually every dynasty. Pharaohs were not only wed to their brothers and sisters, but there were also "double-niece" marriages, where a man married a girl whose parents were his own brother and sister. It is believed that the pharaohs did this because of the ancient belief that the god Osiris married his sister Isis to keep their bloodline pure.
We'll look at two of the most well-known dynasties that ruled ancient Egypt and how the effects of inbreeding may have even resulted in the demise of one in particular.
Howard Carter opens the coffin of King Tut in 1922.
Image Source
Tutankhamun, or more famously King Tut, was a pharaoh during ancient Egypt's New Kingdom era about 3300 years ago. Also known as the Boy King, he came into power at the age of 9, but only ruled for 10 years before dying at 19 around 1324 BC. King Tut's tomb was discovered in 1922 filled with a wealth of treasures, including a solid-gold death mask. But until a DNA analysis was conducted in 2010, not much was known about the young pharaoh's ancestral origins. The landmark study published in JAMA was the first time the Egyptian government allowed genetic studies to be performed on royal mummies. King Tut and 10 other royal mummies who were suspected of being his close relatives were examined. DNA samples taken from the mummies' bones revealed the answers to many mysteries that had long surrounded the Boy King, and a 5-generation family tree was able to be created.
The tests determined that King Tut's grandfather was Pharaoh Amenhotep III, whose reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity, and that his grandmother was Tiye. Amenhotep III and Tiye had 2 sons, one of whom became Amenhotep III's successor to the throne, Akhenaten, King Tut's father. Akhenaten was best known for abolishing ancient Egypt's pantheon in favor of worshipping only 1 god. Whereas the body of King Tut's mother has been located, her identity still remains a mystery. DNA tests have shown that she was one of Amenhotep III and Tiye's 5 daughters, making her the full sister of Akhenaten. The incestuous trend continued into King Tut's reign, as his own wife, Ankhesenpaaten, was his half-sister, with whom he shared the same father. They had 2 daughters, but they were both stillborn births.
http://www.medicalbag.com/grey-matter/impact-of-royal-inbreeding-part-iii/article/472635/