Anonymous ID: e0230e Dec. 26, 2018, 2:42 p.m. No.4477952   🗄️.is đź”—kun   >>8020

>>4477827

Boxer Rebellion

It is often said that the 'Opium War' was not fought over opium but in the name of free trade, as well as diplomatic and judicial equality with China. Since the eighteenth century, the Chinese government had imposed severe restrictions on foreign trade, and was both suspicious and contemptuous of foreigners. At Guangzhou (Canton), which was the only port open to foreign commerce, the exclusive right to deal with Westerners was held by a group of licensed merchants known as the Co-hong. On the British side, the East India Company, under a charter from the Crown, likewise had a monopoly of trade with India and China. The E.I.C. purchased silks and tea from the Chinese but had little to offer in return except silver.

 

Two developments in the 1830s undermined this relatively stable 'Canton system': the significant expansion of opium smuggling and the rise of free-trade imperialism. Opium poppy cultivation had long been established in India and had provided an important source of revenue to the Moghul Emperors. In 1761 the E.I.C. obtained a monopoly over the opium production of British India, and soon afterwards the drug began to be shipped to China as part of the Company's triangular trade between India, Guangzhou and Britain.

 

The opium traffic was of considerable economic importance to the British. The profits from the E.I.C.'s auctions contributed significantly to the revenue of the government of British India, to the British government itself via tax on imported tea from China, and of course to the traders themselves. From the 1820s onwards British trade with China was in surplus, as the huge outflow of silver used to buy opium greatly exceeded the money the traders paid for Chinese tea.

 

In 1834 the E.I.C. monopoly of trade with China ended and all mercantile activities were now in the hands of more aggressive private British (as well as Parsee and American) firms, Jardine Matheson & Co being the most important. This was in line with the laissez-faire thinking that underlay the Industrial Revolution and the general expansion of British commerce. China was viewed by the private merchants at Guangzhou, as well as the industrial capitalists back home, as a vast potential market with boundless economic opportunities, if only the Chinese government were to remove their deliberate obstructions.

Anonymous ID: e0230e Dec. 26, 2018, 3:23 p.m. No.4478355   🗄️.is đź”—kun

Your Tax/tuition dollars at work

 

James Bond course comes to Univ of Oklahoma

 

he University of Oklahoma’s College of Arts and Sciences is offering a three-credit hour Women and Gender Studies course in the Spring semester of 2019 that will be analyzing and dissecting gender representation in the James Bond film franchise.

 

“Gender and James Bond” is a Women and Gender Studies class offered to undergraduates that will focus and analyze the James Bond series in full, from the “heroic masculinity” of the main character and theme of the films, to how different sexes, genders, national orientation and other forms of identity are represented in the Bond series.

 

The first study area in the description focuses on the representation of “heroism and villainy in the series"

 

The course description describes four major points the course will review and study, which mainly pertain to the representation of women and the viability of the Bond franchise.

 

https://www.campusreform.org/?ID=11680