Dead is my nephew, who conquered so much for me!
Against me will rebel the Saxons,
Hungarians, Bulgars, and many hostile men,
Romans, Apulians, and all those of Palermo,
And those of Africa, and those of Califerne;
–Song of Roland, Verse CCIX (i.e. 209; lines 2920–2924), 11th century
It is likely that Ordóñez de Montalvo derived Califerne from caliph, since both works contain a similar plot point: a battle between Christian and non-Christian armies