Q classification at the DOE is the HIGHEST LEVEL!
Department of Energy
Everyone thinks that DOE is the dept of Nuclear secret stuff
But,
What if it is actually, the dept of Energy
Just like the name says?
Electrical energy too.
Like Nikola Tesla and John Trump worked with.
Q
Redox Flow Batteries for Grid-scale Energy Storage
https://availabletechnologies.pnnl.gov/technology.asp?id=333
Though considered a promising large-scale energy storage device, the real-world deployment of redox flow batteries has been limited by their inability to work well in a wide range of temperatures and their relatively high cost. Historically, the state-of-the-art has been an all-vanadium redox flow battery using a sulfate-based electrolyte.
Researchers at PNNL have developed two novel approaches to redox flow batteries that overcome these barriers and offer superior performance and cost advantages unlike any existing system.
The first approach is a new mixed-acid electrolyte with 70% higher energy density and a broader operating temperature range than current all-vanadium redox flow batteries. The second approach is a low-cost iron-vanadium redox flow battery, with higher energy density and greater temperature stability without the hydrogen gas evolution issues (flammability) that currently plague the Fe-Cr flow battery. The two new chemistries allow design optimization between battery performance, operating conditions and cost.
Detailed life cycle cost analyses further show that these new redox flow batteries are less expensive than most other storage alternatives and incorporation could enable addition of more wind turbines and solar panels to the grid without compromising grid reliability.
The next generation vanadium flow batteries with high power density – a perspective
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/cp/c7cp07456e#!divAbstract
Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) have received increasing attention due to their attractive features for large-scale energy storage applications. However, the relatively high cost and severe polarization of VFB energy storage systems at high current densities restrict their utilization in practical industrial applications. Optimization of the performance of key VFB materials, including electrodes, electrolytes and membranes, can realize simultaneous minimization of polarization and capacity decay. The power density and energy density of VFBs are thus simultaneously enhanced. Moreover, relevant theoretical mechanisms and foundations based on virtual investigations of VFB models and simulations can guide these optimizations. The improved power density and energy density can reduce the cost of VFB energy storage systems, accelerating their successful industrialization. In this perspective, modification methods to optimize the performance of key VFB materials and investigations of models and simulations of VFBs will be discussed. Therefore, the available ideas and approaches will be provided to direct further improvements in the power density and energy density of VFB systems.
Unveiling the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms of nanostructured vanadium nitrides using in-situ analyses
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211285519301910
Highlights
• Phase-pure nanostructured VN is synthesized with micro- and meso-pores.
• Good stability in aqueous electrolytes, 1.2 V working voltage window.
• High capacitance via pseudocapacitive charge storage, 1350 F g-1.
• High pseudocapacitance from micropores, 2OH- per e-.
High-surface-area early transition metal nitrides such as vanadium nitride (VN) have promising properties for use in energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors, due to their pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms. The nature of their pseudocapacitive function, however, remains poorly understood. Further development of these materials requires a detailed understanding of their pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms.