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Intravitreal injection of erythropoietin protects both retinal vascular and neuronal cells in early diabetes

Ellen flashing horses on her cards

Horse Tie

Recent FED Bust of horse race doping. Horses given EPO(erythropoietin) for Blood doping, among other drugs.

EPO is used in humans to blood dope (Lance Armstrong)

Not sure anything is here just posting as I go.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235022

'Purpose: To explore and evaluate the protective effect of

erythropoietin (EPO) on retinal cells

of chemically induced diabetic rats after EPO was injected intravitreally at the onset of diabetes.

METHODS:

Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). At the onset of diabetes, a single intravitreal injection of EPO (0.05-200 ng/eye) was performed. In the following 6 weeks, the blood retinal barrier (BRB) was evaluated by Evans blue permeation (EBP). Retinal cell death in different layers was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The retinal thickness and cell counts were examined at the light microscopic level. Electron microscopy (EM) was used to scrutinize retinal vascular and neuronal injury. Neurosensory retinas of normal and diabetic rats were used as the sources of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot for the detection of EPO, EPO receptor (EpoR), and products of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathways. The distribution of EpoR in retinal layers was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

RESULTS:

In the diabetic rats, BRB breakdown was detected soon after the onset of diabetes, peaked at 2 weeks, and reached a plateau at 2 to 4 weeks. The number of TUNEL-positive cells increased in the neurosensory retina, especially, the outer nuclear layer (ONL) at 1 week after diabetes onset and reached a peak at 4 to 6 weeks. The retinal thickness and the number of cells in the ONL were reduced significantly. EM observations demonstrated vascular and photoreceptor cell death starting soon after the onset of diabetes. All these changes were largely prevented by EPO treatment. Upregulation of EpoR in the neurosensory retina was detected at both the transcriptional and protein levels 4 to 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes, whereas, the endogenous EPO levels of neurosensory retinas were essentially unchanged during the same period observed. In EPO-treated diabetic groups, EpoR expression remained at upregulated levels. Within 2 weeks of the onset of diabetes, activation of the ERK but not the STAT5 pathway was detected in the diabetic retina treated with EPO.

CONCLUSIONS:

These data demonstrate that apoptosis is an major contributor to neuronal cell death in the early course of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The upregulation of EpoR may be a compensatory response of retinal cells and tissue to diabetic stresses. The EPO/EpoR system as a maintenance-survival mechanism of retinal neurons responds to the insults of early diabetes other than ischemia. The protective function of EPO/EpoR at the least acts through the EpoR-mediated ERK pathway. Exogenous EPO administration by intravitreal injection in early diabetes may prevent retinal cell death and protect the BRB function. Therefore, this is a novel approach for treatment of early DR.