computer geeks might like this read:

interesting history of globalized industrial projects, 1970 to 2004 ?

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235901406_Global_dreams_-_local_teams

Global dreams – local teams

The rhetoric and realities of transnational innovation

Berggren*, C. 2004.

International Journal of Innovation Management. Vol. 8, 3, 115-145.

*Professor in Industrial Management,,

Department of Management and Economics, Linköping University,

581 83 Linköping, Sweden.

(excerpt)

In late 1971, the managing director of Swedish electro-technical manufacturer ASEA ordered a four- month feasibility study of a completely new product for his firm – industrial robots. Two years later the first ASEA robot was launched commercially. Industrial robots were not new to the world. Several American firms had developed rather clumsy, hydraulically powered machines for materials handling. ASEA introduced a microcomputer-based control system, an electrical DC power system.and a new mechanical architecture, the “antropomorphic design” (Weichbrodt 1972).

(excerpt)

In only one year one person, interacting closely with the project manager designed the entire software for the new control system. Hardware design needed a few more engineers.

The project manager brought the processor, the new Intel 8080, directly from California to its first industrial application in Sweden.

(excerpt)

The rhetoric of global teams in the contemporary strategic management and product innovation literature, globalisation has become a standard theme, meaning that companies have to set up global innovation processes and organise global development teams. This is motivated both from the resource side, as a necessity for multinational companies to make productive use of their globally dispersed resources, and from the market side.

If companies want to compete on global markets with variegated customer preferences, local innovation processes are no longer enough, it is argued, only global teams can appreciate and integrate all this variation.

“…global teams will become as prevalent as Hondas manufactured in America…global teams are the next wave of corporate development” (Solomon 1995: 50);

“Increasing globalization is the growing challenge of the 21st century..…Global projects are becoming the norm /and/ globalization denotes a paradigm shift in project management process” (Lilliesköld 2002: 55-56). “Overall, we found that the use of global teams in our respondent firms is rapidly increasing /indicating/ that by year 2001, approximately one out of five NPD/New Product Development/ teams in their companies are likely to be global “.

Respondent firms in this study noted greater behavioral and project management challenges and lower performance in global teams but nevertheless, they viewed such teams “as an important means of developing products for global markets, and to make use of “the global dispersion of company resources and facilities". (McDonoughIII 2001 ,10-12)

.

https://www.popcouncil.org/about

About the Population Council

The Population Council conducts research to address critical health and development issues.

Our work allows couples to plan their families and chart their futures. We help people avoid HIV infection and access life-saving HIV services. And we empower girls to protect themselves and have a say in their own lives.

We conduct research and programs in more than 50 countries. Our New York headquarters supports a global network of offices in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.

From its beginning, the Council has given voice and visibility to the world’s most vulnerable people. We increase awareness of the problems they face and offer evidence-based solutions.

In the developing world, governments and civil society organizations seek our help to understand and overcome obstacles to health and development. And we work in developed countries, where we use state-of-the-art biomedical science to develop new contraceptives and products to prevent the transmission of HIV.

—

https://www.popcouncil.org/news/making-the-dream-to-end-hiv-a-reality-by-empowering-adolescent-girls-and-yo

https://archive.is/wip/EPBp0

COUNCIL COMMENTARY

Making the Dream to End HIV a Reality by Empowering Adolescent Girls and Young Women:

Emerging lessons from the DREAMS partnership

15 June 2018

The Center for Global Development and the Population Council co-hosted a high-level discussion on emerging insights from the DREAMS initiative, an ambitious partnership to reduce HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women in 10 sub-Saharan African countries. Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Girl Effect, and the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through Project SOAR, the Population Council leads the DREAMS implementation science and capacity building portfolios.

—

Putting adolescent girls and young women at the center of the HIV response

Ambassador Deborah L. Birx, US Global AIDS Coordinator

and Special Representative for Global Health Diplomacy, PEPFAR,

spoke about the genesis of the DREAMS initiative and progress to date, including how the Population Council’s large body of research on adolescent girls – and notably Council expert

Judith Bruce’s work identifying and reaching marginalized girls and young women at highest risk for HIV– played a critical role in shaping the DREAMS approach.

–

https://www.popcouncil.org/research/reducing-hiv-risk-among-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-DREAMS

PROJECT

Reducing HIV Risk among Adolescent Girls and Young Women: Implementation Science around the DREAMS Initiative

The Progress

Council researchers, with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, are leading the implementation science component of the DREAMS initiative – assessing different aspects of the various approaches being used to reduce HIV infections among adolescent girls and young women – to determine what is working and what is not.

—

https://www.popcouncil.org/research/who-are-the-male-partners-of-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-in-swaziland

Methods

Using the PLACE methodology across all 19 DREAMS implementation districts, 843 men ages 20–34 were surveyed between December 2016–February 2017. Surveys were conducted at 182 venues identified by community informants as places where AGYW and men meet/socialize.

Descriptive and multivariate analyses examined characteristics and risk behaviors of male partners of AGYW.

Results

Men’s average age was 25.7. Sixty-three percent reported female partners ages 15–19, and 70% reported partners ages 20–24 in the last year; of those, 12% and 11% respectively had five or more such partners. Among the 568 male partners of AGYW, 36% reported consistent condom use with their current/last partner. Forty-two percent reported testing for HIV in the last year;

6% were HIV-positive, and of those, 97% were currently on treatment.

—

>>8944722

https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/hiv-and-aids/technical-areas/dreams

DREAMS: PARTNERSHIP TO REDUCE HIV/AIDS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN

The DREAMS (Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored and Safe) partnership is an ambitious public-private partnership to reduce rates of HIV among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in the highest HIV burden countries. In 2015, 10 DREAMS countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, accounted for nearly half of all the new HIV infections that occurred among AGYW globally.

Girls and young women account for 74 percent of new HIV infections among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa and nearly 1,000 AGYW are infected with HIV every day. Social isolation, poverty, discriminatory cultural norms, orphanhood, gender-based violence and inadequate schooling all contribute to girls’ vulnerability to HIV and a life not lived to its full potential. The DREAMS initiative goes beyond typical health initiatives to address these factors, working toward meeting the Sustainable Development Goal of ending AIDS by 2030.

DREAMS builds upon USAID’s decades of experience empowering young women and advancing gender equality across many sectors of global health, education and economic growth. The Agency partners with community, faith-based and non-governmental organizations to mobilize significant numbers of volunteers, allowing the Agency to address the structural inequalities having an impact on girls’ vulnerability to HIV. These organizations are uniquely positioned to work with these young women and their families where they live in ways that few other groups can.

————–

http://dreamssoar.org/

http://dreamssoar.org/stem/

WHAT IS STEM?

STEM represents the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. In most education systems, the focus has been on each subject individually. STEM education integrates the noted subjects into a blended learning environment. The students learn critical thinking, how to problem solve, and how to apply the methods taught to everyday life.

WHY IS STEM IMPORTANT?

STEM fields are essential to economic growth. According to Whitehouse Archives, economic projections indicate that by 2018, there could be 2.4 million unfulfilled STEM jobs in the United States alone. The report goes on to note the STEM employment gap is further compounded by persistent diversity challenges, as women and minorities, who comprise 70% of college students but less than 45% of STEM degrees, represent a largely untapped talent pool.

The issue is not unique to the United States, it’s a global issue. According to the Royal Academy of Engineering, the British need to graduate 100K STEM majors every year until 2020 to meet current demand. Germany has a shortage of 210K workers in the fields of mathematics, computer science, natural science, and technology disciplines.

——–