Q said read slowly and carefully.

Anyone else see this?

The caption under the photo on page 35:

OOCS (OOCs?)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30045892

"Abstract

In recent years, organs-on-chips (OOCs) have been developed to meet the desire for more realistic in vitro cell culture models. These systems introduce microfluidics, mechanical stretch and other physiological stimuli to in vitro models, thereby significantly enhancing their descriptive power. In most OOCs, porous polymeric membranes are used as substrates for cell culture. The polymeric material, morphology and shape of these membranes are often suboptimal, despite their importance for achieving ideal cell functionality such as cell-cell interaction and differentiation. The currently used membranes are flat and thus do not account for the shape and surface morphology of a tissue. Moreover, the polymers used for fabrication of these membranes often lack relevant characteristics, such as mechanical properties matching the tissue to be developed and/or cytocompatibility. Recently, innovative techniques have been reported for fabrication of porous membranes with suitable porosity, shape and surface morphology matching the requirements of OOCs. In this paper, we review the state of the art for developing these membranes and discuss their application in OOCs."

https://www.technologynetworks.com/cell-science/articles/how-far-can-organs-on-chips-go-on-their-own-322187

"Most people have heard about Moore’s law, the golden rule of the electronics industry, stating that computers’ processing power doubles every two years. But have you heard of Eroom’s law? This trend shows that R&D costs per drug approved roughly doubled every ~nine years between 1950 and 2010.1 This, added to the fact that today’s drug candidates are more likely to fail in clinical trials than those in the 1970s2, goes to show how difficult bringing a new drug to the market can be. Different reasons have been put forth explaining the high failure rate, one of them being that preclinical models might not reflect properly the human drug response.

This is why a lot of hope has been placed on organs-on-chips (OOCs) as more complex and predictive in vitro models that can better recapitulate the human drug response. It is however a daunting task, and might be a lot to ask from them. Now that OOCs have been around for close to a decade, it is worth asking whether they can live up to expectations, and in particular, whether they can do it alone."

https://blog.marketresearch.com/global-organ-on-chips-market-worth-41.6-million

"Organ-on-chips (OOCs) are small plastic devices with biocompatible microfluid chambers containing multiple live human cells in a 3D culture that stimulate key physiological functions of body organs. The organ-on-chip market has grown 70.5% since 2015, reaching nearly $41.6 million in 2019, according to a report by The Business Research Company."