>>11251933

(Please read from the start)

Next is the Chimu culture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_culture

“The Chimú culture was centered on Chimor with the capital city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present-day Trujillo, Peru. The culture arose about 900 AD, succeeding the Moche culture, and was later conquered by the Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region.[2] Chimor was the largest kingdom in the Late Intermediate Period, encompassing 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of coastline.

The Chimú resided on a strip of desert on the northern coast of Peru. The rivers in the region carved a series of fertile valley plains, which were very flat and well-suited to irrigation. Agriculture and fishing were both very important to the Chimú economy.

Worshipping the moon, the Chimú, unlike the Inca, considered it more powerful than the sun. Offerings played an important role in religious rites. A common object for offerings, as well as one used by artisans, was the shell of the Spondylus shellfish, which resides only in the warm coastal waters off present-day Ecuador. Associated with the sea, rainfall, and fertility, Spondylus shells were highly valued and traded by the Chimú people, and the exchange of the shells played a significant economic and political role in the empire.

The Chimú people are best known for their distinctive monochromatic pottery and fine metal working of copper, gold, silver, bronze, and tumbaga (copper and gold). The pottery is often in the shape of a creature or has a human figure sitting or standing on a cuboid bottle. The shiny black finish of most Chimú pottery was achieved by firing the pottery at high temperatures in a closed kiln, which prevented oxygen from reacting with the clay.”

“History

Early Chimú (Moche civilization)

The oldest civilization present on the north coast of Peru is the Moche or Mochica civilization, which is identified as Early Chimú. The start of this period is not known for certain, but it ended around 700 AD. It was centered in the Chicama, Moche, and Viru Valleys. "Many large pyramids are attributed to the Early Chimú period." (37)[5] These pyramids are built of adobe in rectangular shapes made from molds. "Early Chimú cemeteries are also found without pyramid associations. Burials are usually in extended positions, in prepared tombs. The rectangular, adobe-lined and covered tombs have niches in their walls in which bowls were placed."

The Early pottery is also characterized by realistic modeling and painted scenes.

Expansion and rule

Expansion

During the reign of the Wari Empire over Peru, the mature Chimú culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Mochica had existed centuries before. The Chimú was also a coastal culture - according to legend, its capital of Chan Chan was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea. It was developed in the Moche Valley north of present-day Lima, northeast of Huarmey, and finishing in central present-day Trujillo. Later, it expanded to Arequipa.”

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>>11270256

(Please read from the start)

“The Chimú appeared in the year 900: Chimor, also known as the Kingdom of Chimor, had its capital "at the great site now called Chanchan, between Trujillo and the sea, and we may assume that Taycanamo founded his kingdom there. His son, Guacri-caur, conquered the lower part of the valley and was succeeded by a son named Nancen-pinco who really laid the foundations of the Kingdom by conquering the head of the valley of Chimor and the neighboring valleys of Sana, Pacasmayo, Chicama, Viru, Chao and Santa.

The estimated founding date of the last Chimú kingdom is in the first half of the fourteenth century. Nacen-pinco was believed to have ruled around 1370 and was followed by seven rulers whose names are not yet known. Minchancaman followed these rulers, and was ruling around the time of the Inca conquest (between 1462 and 1470).[3] This great expansion is believed to have occurred during the late period of Chimú civilization, called: Late Chimú,[6] but the development of the Chimú territory spanned a number of phases and more than a single generation. Nacen-pinco, "may have pushed the imperial frontiers to Jequetepeque and to Santa, but conquest of the entire region was an agglutinative process initiated by earlier rulers."

The Chimú expanded to include a vast area and many different ethnic groups. The first valleys seem to have joined forces willingly, but the Sican culture was assimilated through conquest. At its peak, the Chimú advanced to the limits of the desert coast to the valley of the Jequetepeque River in the north. Pampa Grande in the Lambayeque Valley was also ruled by the Chimú.

To the south, they expanded as far as Carabayllo. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of Lima. Historians and archeologists contest how far south they managed to expand.”

>> We have an expansionist mentality within the Chimu = hunger for power and dominance.

“Rule

The Chimú society was a four-level hierarchical system,[8] with a powerful elite rule over administrative centers. The hierarchy was centered at the walled cities, called ciudadelas, at Chan Chan.[9] The political power at Chan Chan is demonstrated by the organization of labor to construct the Chimú's canals and irrigated fields.”

>> Well, that put a smirk on my face = POWERFUL ELIKE RULE OVER ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERS. No need for me to comment about it. And the WALLED cities go hand in hand with the expensionist politics of theirs; if you have a peaceful mentality, you don’t think of harming others and defending yourself. And it seems we have advanced knowledge in architecture, engineering, agriculture and irrigation.

“Chan Chan was the top of the Chimu hierarchy, with Farfán in the Jequetepeque Valley as a subordinate.[8] This organization, which was quickly established during the conquest of the Jequetepeque Valley, suggests the Chimú established the hierarchy during the early stages of their expansion. The existing elite at peripheral locations, such as the Jequetepeque Valley and other centers of power, were incorporated into the Chimú government on lower levels of the hierarchy.[9] These lower-order centers managed land, water, and labor, while the higher-order centers either moved the resources to Chan Chan or carried out other administrative decisions.[9] Rural sites were used as engineering headquarters, while the canals were being built; later they operated as maintenance sites.[10] The numerous broken bowls found at Quebrada del Oso support this theory, as the bowls were probably used to feed the large workforce that built and maintained that section of canal. The workers were probably fed and housed at state expense”

>> Not sure about this, but it seems they used the “vassal” system in the Chimu culture. And it’s clear the power was very centralized.

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>>11270274

(Please read from the start)

“Downfall

The state governed such social classes until the empire of the Sican culture conquered the kingdom of Lambayeque, Peru. The legends of war were said to have been told by the leaders Naylamp in the Sican language and Tacayanamo in Chimú. The people paid tribute to the rulers with products or labor.

Chimor was the last Andean kingdom capable of stopping the Inca Empire, but the Inca conquest began in the 1470s by Topa Inca Yupanqui, defeating the emperor Minchancaman, and was nearly complete when Huayna Capac assumed the throne in 1493. They moved Minchancaman, the final Chimú emperor, to Cusco and redirected gold and silver there to adorn the Qurikancha.

Economy

Chan Chan could be said to have developed a bureaucracy due to the elite's controlled access to information.[11] The economic and social system operated through the import of raw materials, where they were processed into prestige goods by artisans at Chan Chan.[8] The elite at Chan Chan made the decisions on most other matters concerning organization, monopolizing production, storage of food and products, and distribution or consumption of goods.”

>> That’s one stronghold the elite had of the kingdom, mostly if they controled the important materials and monopolized the production and food desitribution = as in other words they were the ones deciding who gets to eat and how much. It sounds familiar to what is going on nowadays, doesn’t it anons?

“The majority of the citizens in each ciudadela were artisans. In the late Chimú, about 12,000 artisans lived and worked in Chan Chan alone.[12] They engaged in fishing, agriculture, craft work, and trade. Artisans were forbidden to change their profession, and were grouped in the ciudadela according to their area of specialization. Archeologists have noted a dramatic increase in Chimú craft production, and they believe that artisans may have been brought to Chan Chan from another area taken as a result of Chimú conquest.[12] As there is evidence of both metalwork and weaving in the same domestic unit, it is likely that both men and women were artisans.[12] They engaged in fishing, agriculture, and metallurgy, and made ceramics and textiles from cotton and the wool of llama, alpaca, and vicuña. People used reed fishing canoes […], hunted, and traded using bronze coins.”

>> This is the first culture/civilization that uses coins = minted money for trade and means of exchange.

“Subsistence and agriculture

The Chimú developed mainly through intensive farming techniques and hydraulic work, which joined valleys to form complexes, such as the Chicama-Moche complex, which was a combination of two valleys in La Libertad. The Lambayeque linked the valleys of La Leche, Lambayeque, Reque, and Saña Jequetepeque. They developed an excellent agricultural techniques which expanded the strength of their cultivated areas. Huachaques were sunken farms where land was withdrawn to work the moist, sandy soil underneath, an example of which is Tschudi.”

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>>11270287

(Please read from the start)

“The Chimú used walk-in wells, similar to those of the Nazca, to draw water, and reservoirs to contain the water from rivers. This system increased the productivity of the land, which increased Chimú wealth, and likely contributed to the formation of a bureaucratic system. The Chimú cultivated beans, sweet potato, papaya, and cotton with their reservoir and irrigation system. This focus on large-scale irrigation persisted until the Late Intermediate period. At this point, there was a shift to a more specialized system that focused on importing and redistributing resources from satellite communities.[13] There appears to have been a complex network of sites that provided goods and services for Chimú subsistence. Many of these sites produced commodities that the Chimú could not.

Many sites relied on marine resources, but after the advent of agriculture, there were more sites further inland, where marine resources were harder to attain. Keeping llamas arose as a supplemental way of attaining meat, but by the Late Intermediate period and Late Horizon, inland sites used llamas as a main resource, although they maintained contact with coastal sites to use supplemental marine resources. They also made masks.

Technology

One of the earliest known examples of distance communication is a Chimú device consisting of two resin-coated gourds connected by a 75-foot length of twine. Only one example has been found, and nothing is known about its originator or use.

Split inheritance

The Chimu capital, Chan Chan, had a series of elite residential compounds or cuidadelas that were not occupied simultaneously, but sequentially. The reason for this is that Chimu rulers practiced split inheritance, which dictated that the heir to the throne had to build his own palace. After the death of a ruler, all the ruler's wealth would be distributed to more distant relatives.”

>> This is rather unusual because most old cultures use the primogeniture system.

“Visual arts

Shell

The Chimú people highly valued mollusk shell for its economic and political significance as a luxury good traded over long distances, and the shell was often viewed as a symbol of elite status and divine power. Using shell as a medium for their art and artifacts, the Chimú frequently employed the shell of Spondylus, a type of marine bivalve mollusk.

The most abundant Spondylus species present in Peru are Spondylus calcifer Carpenter and Spondylus princeps Broderip. Spondylus calcifer has red and white hues, primarily used for beads and artifacts.[15] While this species resides in shallower waters and is easier to obtain, the Spondylus princeps, known as the “thorny oyster” for its characteristic spines, is a solid red color and can only be harvested by experienced divers. Thus, this shell is more highly desired and traded by the Chimú people.”

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>>12078271

(Please read from the start)

Like taking color pictures from different angles and from different TIMES during the day, so that the sun light would hit it from different angles. We also take black and white pictures, it’s always useful. The youngesters nowadays can use machines to scan this and recreate a 3 D print of it on computer, not my field, that’s for sure. Since I’m an old dog I also like to combine old methods: we bring a huge sheet of white paper which we gently apply on the rock surface and we use a charcoal on top, aplying it gently, to take a negative print. We don’t want to damage the rock, so we take great precautions while working. And the last old fashioned method I use a lot and I always found it helpful is to throw water on the entire rock. It gives us another type of negative print and it reveals a lot of details unsean when the rock is dry.To be done if there is no paint on the wall or if it doesn’t damage the rock. Of course none of what I mentioned should be done without the formal written approval and suppervision of the Peruvian gvt. This is a national cultural treasure, not a toy, we should respect the artifact, the site and the gvt’s authority over it.

And this is where I’m going to end it about the video. But I’m not totally done yet about Amaru muru. I decided to check the context and I zoomed out and I decided to take a look with Google.

What I found was:

1 – How close Amaru muru site is to Titicaca Lake.

2 – Amaru muru is within walking distance from Tiwanaku site.

3 – It’s not the only “RED” rock formation in the area.

I’m mostly fascinated by what anons can see in the picture I’ve named = Rock formation 1. And in the 5th picture, last one, I’ve added a parallel yellow line, it’s aproximative, just to show anons how th red rock stretches and it’s not limited to Amaru muru site. In some place it looks like it’s diving underground while it resurfaces in other place. Another thing about this red rock, it seems it’s only located in this specific zone. I’ve tried to look around to see if there are others like it, not just in nature, but also if it has this super crazy odd shape of stripes, I personally couldn’t find any. Maybe I failed, well, I only hope if someone reading this has found other rocks looking like this = same shape and color, please share them with us in this thread. And this brings me to the second thing that caught my attention and it’s totally taking me up to the moon = those stripes. If this is a natural rock formation, I’ve never ever seen in my life such perfect parallel lines stretching at such a long distance. How many kilometers is this anyway? It’s absolutely huge! And anyone apart me noticed the width = the distance between each lane = the space between them….it’s almost perfect parallel lines with almost no alteration to the width. It’s like natural straight line corridors. I won’t be surprised to find some petroglyphs on the other red rocks belonging to this specific chain of rocks anons. If not petroglyphs, then something connecting them, or indicating their connection with Tiwanaku and/or Amaru muru.

I end it here with Amaru muru and the Incas. I’m sure there are still plenty to look about, but it’s getting too long and I rather move on.

If there is a site or an artifact belonging to any of the civilizations or culture I’ve already talked about and I didn’t pay attention to, anons are interested, please bring attention to it, then please, post about it.

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