>>10072144

(Please read from the start)

Before I leave the African continent, a thought occurred to me and I checked it out, and it turned out I caught a few fishes in my net, literally. Please anons, read the full articles, even if it’s long, I’m only putting the notable parts so they won’t get scrubbed from the web = to preserve them in this place.

The idea I had was simple: to check the North African countries to see if I will find Sea life fossils there as well. I checked each country quickly, and this is what I found:

Morocco:

Atlas mountain fossils pictures: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/atlas-mountains-fossils.html

https://www.holidway.com/en/fossils-of-the-anti-atlas/

“In the hamada of Kem Kem, between the Draa and Tafilalet valleys, researchers found numerous vertebrate fossils, fish, molluscs, plants and crocodile teeth. They already attest to the presence of the ocean in the Sahara in those remote times.”

“As for cephalopods, marine molluscs, they are very present in Tafilalet around Erfoud. Confined in a black marble rock, they abound in the Moroccan South, whereas they are rare in the rest of the world.”

Notables from the link are the sections: Rock engravings, Meteorites and Fossils.

https://www.desertmoroccoadventure.com/morocco-has-a-whole-lot-to-offer-aside-from-dust-a-brief-guide-to-its-fossils-and-minerals/

“Fossils of trilobites, ammonites and other prehistoric life including dinosaurs, coral and shark teeth can be found in eastern Morocco.”

“It is crazy to think that millions of years ago the Sahara Desert would have been a shallow sea. Prehistoric sea creatures called Ammonites, Orthoceras and Trilobites flourished in this sea and as they died accumulated on the seafloor. Their bodies were buried in the sediment and over millennia were turned into stone. Ammonites are similar to modern-day snails (mollusks) and recognized by their spiral bodies. Orthoceras resemble modern-day squids with a narrow body and ‘toothlike’ beak. The hard exoskeleton of Trilobites is divided into three distinct segments that fossilize well. These floor dwelling creatures are the ancestors of modern insects, spiders, centipedes, lobsters, and crabs.”

“The Kem Kem Beds formation between Morocco and Algeria in south-eastern Morocco is a well- known archaeological site. A sheep herder in the small desert village of Hassi Begaa found fish bones in 1991. This led to an increased interest in the area and resulted in the discovery of numerous dinosaur bones and even footprints. One of the most interesting finds has been that of the Spinosaurus– the first known semiaquatic dinosaur. It is believed to be the largest predatory dinosaur on Earth, even bigger than a T-rex! Similar remains have also been discovered in Egypt.”

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>>10081597

(Please read from the start)

Algeria:

https://inference-review.com/article/among-the-fossils-of-algeria

“Sites along the Algerian coastline, due to their proximity to urban centers, were the first to be investigated. In Oran, the first observations of vertebrate fossils, and fish in particular, were made by Claude Antoine Rozet in 1831 and Georges Louis Duvernoy in 1837. Between 1861 and 1881, a coastal area between the Bouzarea and Chenoua massifs to the west of Algiers was explored in great detail by Alexandre Bourjot.

Working in the continental formations of Constantine in the northeast of the country, Philippe Thomas found many new taxa, Equidae and large Bovidae among them, along with fish, crocodiles, and phosphate deposits.3 Tertiary vertebrates such as mastodons, elephants and African antelopes were also unearthed by Paul Gervais. In 1867, a military officer, General Louis Faidherbe, made the first excavations at Djebel-Thaya. The late Quaternary deposits at Djebel-Thaya yielded numerous finds, including bears and gazelles, which were subsequently studied by Jules René Bourguignat.

But it was the work of Pomel, at the end of the nineteenth century, that marked a decisive turning point in the development of Algerian paleontology. Between 1893 and 1898, he published no less than a dozen Monographie sur les vertébrés fossiles de l’Algérie. These included the first descriptions of many mammals, such as Cervidae, Suidae, antelopes, Equidae, and carnivora.4 Some of the specimens were extracted from the sand pits of Ternifine near Mascara that Pomel had discovered in the northwest of the country.5 Many years later, it was at this site that Arambourg would discover the oldest human fossils ever found in North Africa. Between 1910 and 1935, another key figure in the development of Algerian geology and paleontology, Léonce Joleaud, published a wide-ranging series of surveys entitled Etudes de Géographie zoologique sur la Berbérie.6 Building on the work of Pomel and Joleaud, Arambourg was instrumental in creating a rich and detailed documentary record of the country’s fauna.”

“From Marine Vertebrates to Mammals

Between 1912 and 1927, Arambourg collected a wide variety of fish fossils from the Chelif valley in the Sahel of Oran. These species were the subject of a formidable monograph published in 1927. Les poissons fossiles d’Oran (Fish Fossils of Oran) is 295 pages long and contains descriptions of 1,300 specimens, along with 48 figures, and an atlas accompanied by 46 plates.7 In addition to detailing the specimens, the book also offers detailed descriptions of their comparative anatomy, phylogeny, and the physiology of their organs.

The Sahélien, as defined by Pomel, is a term that has long since disappeared from the stratigraphic lexicon. The marine fauna preserved in its layers, namely fish and mollusks, are comprised of extinct forms from the Miocene along with evolved forms from the Pliocene and subsequent epochs.8 Arambourg sought to place this ancient seabed within the Algerian stratigraphic classification by seeking geological correlations in the gypsum and tripoli formations of Sicily and mainland Italy. The ichthyological fauna in these regions was similar to that found in the thick gypsum layers and tripoli deposits of the Sahélien in Dahra.”

>> This last paragraph is super important because it’s talking indirectly about the land bridge that collapsed between Tunisia and Italy. The fossils are proof of that.

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>>10081603

(Please read from the start)

“Arambourg’s investigations of the fauna from western Algeria yielded ninety-one species, including forty-two families and sixty-seven genera.9 His discovery of certain extant fossil forms marked their first appearance in the literature. Seventy percent of the Sahélien species, according to his studies, had Mediterranean affinities and eighty percent of the current genera found are still represented in the region. Phylogenetic and zoogeographic comparisons showed that Sahélien fauna was Miocene, but had some similarities to that of the Oligocene (33.9–23.03 mya) epoch. From these discoveries, new interpretations became possible. The fish of the Oran had long been thought to have originated in both marine and freshwater environments. Arambourg was now able to posit an exclusively marine origin. The Sahélien forms were similar to current marine species, such as the Alosa, the Syngnathus, and the soles. The mixing of coastal and deep-sea species was, according to Arambourg, due to the narrowness of the Sahélien sound.”

>> This is another important paragraph which brings an important new information = the fossils were from Maritime species.

“Arambourg described the mammalian forms he found in Algeria, and by extension those of North Africa as a whole, as present-day fauna, in the sense that modern species are still represented in the current bestiary. A mixture of forms with both tropical and paleo-arctic characteristics was emblematic of the zoogeographical domains of Eurasia, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Near East. At the beginning of the Pleistocene, the predominant forms were, for the most part, extinct species, or species that had emigrated from beyond the Sahara. Progressive changes to these faunas that occurred during the Quaternary period could, according to Arambourg, be attributed to important climatic changes.”

In January 1928, during an expedition in the northeastern province of Constantine, Arambourg came across a rock shelter overlooking the Gulf of Béjaïa, in the Babor Range. This ancient marine grotto, thirty meters across and known as Afalou Bou Rhummel (Cave of the Sands) by the local inhabitants, would become one of the most important sites in Algerian prehistory.12 Under Arambourg’s direction, excavations conducted between 1928 and 1930 revealed a burial site from the Upper Paleolithic (50–10 kya) era. Dozens of individuals of varying ages were found, along with Iberomaurusian stone artefacts, and the remains of large mammals and marine invertebrates.

Arambourg described the cave as just one among a series of sites, each with a similar prehistorical chronology and each containing archaeological material comparable to the finds associated with Aurignacian–Magdalenian cultures in France. Additional sites were discovered a few years later at the Tamar Hat and Madeleine (Taza 1) caves. These had been occupied by the same Iberomaurusian peoples that lived along the Algerian coastline. The stratigraphy of the sites was also similar. In each case, base deposits were aligned with shifts in sea levels.”

>> Notables: The Iberomaurusian and “deposits were aligned with shifts in sea levels”.

“An anthropological study of the human populations from these sites revealed a distinct morphogenetic and social identity from their shared ethnocultural and environmental characteristics, such as alveolodental mutilation and hunting practices.16 With the exception of the avulsion of the upper incisors, the facial morphology is not dissimilar from that of the Cro-Magnons. These findings led some anthropologists of the time, such as Henri Vallois, to speculate that there had been a migration from Les Eyzies in the Dordogne to the Mediterranean coasts of northwest Africa. Theories that postulate migration in the opposite direction have been favored since the 1970s.”

[…]

“But it was the discovery of human remains that greatly enhanced the importance and significance of the site. Arambourg’s first campaign yielded two mandibles, one belonging to a man, the other to a woman. Their morphological and biometric characteristics had some similarities to the Pithecanthropes and Sinananthropes of Asia, but they also possessed features unique to Algerian specimens. Arambourg named them Atlanthropus mauritanicus. A third mandible and several teeth were unearthed during the subsequent excavations.”

>> Notable: “Their morphological and biometric characteristics had some similarities to the Pithecanthropes and Sinananthropes of Asia, but they also possessed features unique to Algerian specimens”.

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>>10081605

(Please read from the start)

“Another of the new sites excavated around this time represented a fortuitous discovery. In the 1950s, geologists working near the Bou Hanifia dam found fossils in the Miocene layers of the Oued El Hammam valley. These continental-marine formations, once dated to the Oligocene, are concentrated in the southwest of the Beni-Chougrane massif. Arambourg’s excavation yielded a dozen species corresponding to the classic Pontian fauna of Eurasia.”

[…]

“Once again, Arambourg rejected Darwinian ideas, even though these ideas were gaining more and more followers, including paleontologists and anatomists.”

>> As proof that Darwinism is a fictive story = Noah’s Ark on Mt Ararat.

“Questions were raised by Yves Coppens about the biological disequilibriums by which Arambourg was attempting to explain human evolution. Following the announcement of the discovery of the Zinjanthrope of Olduvai in 1960, Arambourg came to interpret the sequence of evolutionary stages at the end of the Tertiary–Quaternary in terms of a series of mutations. The term mutation had, in fact, appeared in his publications about vertebrates as early as the 1950s,28 and then in his writing on the origins of man, in particular from 1956.29 But during the 1960s, in virtually all his publications addressing the origins of man Arambourg’s earlier wordings reappeared:

Today, all specialists know that in the paleontological history of living beings the apparent continuity of what we call an “evolutionary series” is only the sum of a series of discontinuous mutations, each of which corresponds to an ever closer adaptation to particular biophysical conditions and lifestyles. These mutations are probably, as suggested by Wintrebert with great pertinence, the consequence—at the level of the genetic equipment of the sexual products of individuals—of the hormonal reactions of these to the aggressions resulting from variations of the biophysical environment with which they are in temporary equilibrium.

Arambourg was, at times, opposed to the synthetic theory of evolution, since for him the whole history of life was explained by genetic transformations. He did not accept the notion of random mutation, as stated in the synthetic theory of evolution. For him, in common with Lamarckism itself, heredity was guided by the environment. “Successive mutations,” Arambourg remarked, “correspond to organic and functional specializations increasingly tailored to particular lifestyles and whose process is irreversible.” He discussed the irreversibility of the evolutionary process in the final edition of his Genèse de l’Humanité (Genesis of Humanity), published in 1969. While taking into account the concept of orthogenetic direction, he radically changed his interpretation by stating that it is a matter of the “consequences of the constant triage, by natural selection, of mutations more and more adapted to each biotope or to each function.” Arambourg, who had once been a fervent supporter of Lamarckism, or neo-Lamarckism, had, like so many others, modified his views regarding evolution just before his death. He had not, it should be noted, endorsed the mechanism of natural selection in any of his previous publications. He may have sought in his last publication to reintegrate les archives fossiles into the mainstream.”

>> The notable is the “mutation”. Keep that in mind anons and we will be mentioning it again later.

The next article is super important, to be read carefully: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07570-z

“NEWS

29 November 2018

Algeria fossils cast doubt on East Africa as sole origin of stone tools

The discovery pushes back the evidence of hominins in Algeria by 600,000 years, and suggests tool use arose in different parts of Africa independently.”

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>>10081608

(Please read from the start)

“The oldest known widespread stone-tool technology, called the Oldowan, is thought to have arisen in East Africa some 2.6 million years ago and then spread across the continent.

But new evidence suggests that the technology, rough all-purpose tools chipped out of pebbles, might actually have popped up independently in different parts of Africa. This is according to archaeologists who have discovered stone tools and butchered animal bones on a high Algerian plateau.

The newly discovered limestone and flint tools are about 2.4 million years old — almost the same age as the oldest known such tools, which were found in Gona, Ethiopia, and are 2.6 million years old.

The discovery means that hominins were present in the Mediterranean fringe of North Africa around 600,000 years earlier than previously thought. The work is published on 29 November in Science.

Unknown maker

As with the earliest stone-tool finds in East Africa, researchers didn't discover any hominin remains nearby, so it's not clear whether the items were made by a species of Homo or a related genus.

The discovery raises the possibility that hominins awoke to the idea of tool use in several parts of Africa at once, rather than simply adopting a fashion that spread from the East African Rift Valley, according to the research team, led by archaeologist Mohamed Sahnouni of the Spanish National Research Center for Human Evolution in Burgos.

Sahnouni’s team spent eight years probing the Ain Boucherit site in northern Algeria. They've unearthed a trove of chopping and cutting tools alongside the notched and hammered bones of elephants, hyenas, pigs, crocodiles and other animals.”

>> More Sea life fossils, and a lot of mixed types of animal fossils found, all belonging to different geological eras. Supposedly.

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